The Dangerous Discourse of “Us” vs. “Them:” Spain's VOX Discursive Practices

Abrams, Dominic Ed, and Hogg, Michael A. 1990. Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances. New York: Springer-Verlag. AbramsDominic Ed HoggMichael A. 1990 Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances New York Springer-Verlag Search in Google Scholar

Alcántara-Plá, Manuel, and Ana Ruiz-Sánchez. 2017. “The Framing of Muslims on the Spanish Internet.” Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 13 (2): 261–83. https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2017-0013. Alcántara-PláManuel Ruiz-SánchezAna 2017 “The Framing of Muslims on the Spanish Internet.” Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 13 2 261 83 https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2017-0013. 10.1515/lpp-2017-0013 Search in Google Scholar

Alcàzar, Joan del, and Indira Betancourt López. 2021. “La confrontación partidista española a propósito de América Latina.” Araucaria: Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política, Humanidades y Relaciones Internacionales 23 (46): 173–94. https://doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2021.i46.09. AlcàzarJoan del LópezIndira Betancourt 2021 “La confrontación partidista española a propósito de América Latina.” Araucaria: Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política, Humanidades y Relaciones Internacionales 23 46 173 94 https://doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2021.i46.09. 10.12795/araucaria.2021.i46.09 Search in Google Scholar

Allen, Wendy. 2007. “Australian Political Discourse: Pronominal Choice in Campaign Speeches.” Selected Papers from the 2006 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society. Ed. by Mary Laughren & Ilana Mushin. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.557.3321&rep=rep1&type=pdf. AllenWendy 2007 “Australian Political Discourse: Pronominal Choice in Campaign Speeches.” Selected Papers from the 2006 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society Ed. by LaughrenMary MushinIlana http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.557.3321&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Search in Google Scholar

Anderson, Bridget. 2013. Us and Them?: The Dangerous Politics of Immigration Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press. AndersonBridget 2013 Us and Them?: The Dangerous Politics of Immigration Control Oxford Oxford University Press 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691593.001.0001 Search in Google Scholar

Anduiza, Eva. 2018. “El discurso de VOX.” Agenda Pública. December 6, 2018. http://agendapublica.elpais.com/el-discurso-de-vox/. AnduizaEva 2018 “El discurso de VOX.” Agenda Pública December 6 2018 http://agendapublica.elpais.com/el-discurso-de-vox/. Search in Google Scholar

Assimakopoulos, Stavros, and Muskat, Rebecca Vella. 2017. “Exploring Xenophobic and Homophobic Attitudes in Malta: Linking the Perception of Social Practice with Textual Analysis.” Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 13 (2): 179–202. https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2017-0010. AssimakopoulosStavros MuskatRebecca Vella 2017 “Exploring Xenophobic and Homophobic Attitudes in Malta: Linking the Perception of Social Practice with Textual Analysis.” Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 13 2 179 202 https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2017-0010. 10.1515/lpp-2017-0010 Search in Google Scholar

Austin, J. L. 1962. How to do things with words. Oxford: Clanrendon Press. AustinJ. L. 1962 How to do things with words Oxford Clanrendon Press Search in Google Scholar

Bacchi, Carol, and Jennifer Bonham. 2014. “Reclaiming Discursive Practices As an Analytic Focus: Political Implications.” Foucault Studies, 179–92. BacchiCarol BonhamJennifer 2014 “Reclaiming Discursive Practices As an Analytic Focus: Political Implications.” Foucault Studies 179 92 10.22439/fs.v0i17.4298 Search in Google Scholar

BBC. 2021. “Spain Migrants: ‘I Said Goodbye to My family and Left with Nothing.’” May 19, 2021. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57168701. BBC 2021 “Spain Migrants: ‘I Said Goodbye to My family and Left with Nothing.’” May 19 2021 BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57168701. Search in Google Scholar

Boomgaarden, Hajo G., and Rens Vliegenthart. 2007. “Explaining the Rise of Anti-Immigrant Parties: The Role of News Media Content.” Electoral Studies 26 (2:: 404–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2006.10.018. BoomgaardenHajo G. VliegenthartRens 2007 “Explaining the Rise of Anti-Immigrant Parties: The Role of News Media Content.” Electoral Studies 26 2 404 17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2006.10.018. 10.1016/j.electstud.2006.10.018 Search in Google Scholar

Brewer, Marilynn B. 1979. “In-Group Bias in the Minimal Intergroup Situation: A Cognitive-Motivational Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 86 (2): 307. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307. BrewerMarilynn B. 1979 “In-Group Bias in the Minimal Intergroup Situation: A Cognitive-Motivational Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 86 2 307 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307. 10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307 Search in Google Scholar

Budesheim, Thomas Lee, David A. Houston, and Stephen J. DePaola. 1996. “Persuasiveness of In-Group and Out-Group Political Messages: The Case of Negative Political Campaigning.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (3): 523. BudesheimThomas Lee HoustonDavid A. DePaolaStephen J. 1996 “Persuasiveness of In-Group and Out-Group Political Messages: The Case of Negative Political Campaigning.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 3 523 10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.523 Search in Google Scholar

Casals, Xavier. 2000. “La ultraderecha española: una presencia ausente (1975–1999).” Historia y Política: Ideas, Procesos y Movimientos Sociales, 3: 147–74. CasalsXavier 2000 “La ultraderecha española: una presencia ausente (1975–1999).” Historia y Política: Ideas, Procesos y Movimientos Sociales 3 147 74 Search in Google Scholar

Cervi, Laura. 2020. “Exclusionary Populism and Islamophobia: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Spain.” Religions 11 (10): 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11100516. CerviLaura 2020 “Exclusionary Populism and Islamophobia: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Spain.” Religions 11 10 516 https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11100516. 10.3390/rel11100516 Search in Google Scholar

Cue, Carlos. 2021. “Popular Party Takes Victory in Bitterly Fought Madrid Regional Election.” El Pais. May 05, 2021. https://english.elpais.com/politics/2021-05-04/popular-party-takes-victory-in-bitterly-fought-madrid-regional-election-falling-just-short-of-majority.html. CueCarlos 2021 “Popular Party Takes Victory in Bitterly Fought Madrid Regional Election.” El Pais May 05 2021 https://english.elpais.com/politics/2021-05-04/popular-party-takes-victory-in-bitterly-fought-madrid-regional-election-falling-just-short-of-majority.html. Search in Google Scholar

Dijk, Teun A. van. 1993. “Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis.” Discourse & Society 4 (2): 249–83. DijkTeun A. van 1993 “Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis.” Discourse & Society 4 2 249 83 10.1177/0957926593004002006 Search in Google Scholar

Dijk, Teun A. van. 1995. “Discourse Semantics and Ideology.” Discourse & Society 6 (2): 243–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926595006002006. DijkTeun A. van 1995 “Discourse Semantics and Ideology.” Discourse & Society 6 2 243 89 https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926595006002006. 10.1177/0957926595006002006 Search in Google Scholar

Dijk, Teun A. van. 2000. “The Reality of Racism: On Analyzing Parliamentary Debates on Immigration. In Festschrift für die Wirklichkeit. edited by G. Zurstiege, 211–26. Wiesbaden, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag. DijkTeun A. van 2000 “The Reality of Racism: On Analyzing Parliamentary Debates on Immigration In Festschrift für die Wirklichkeit edited by ZurstiegeG. 211 26 Wiesbaden, Germany Westdeutscher Verlag 10.1007/978-3-322-87330-9_23 Search in Google Scholar

Dijk, Teun A. van. 2005. War Rhetoric of a Little Ally. Journal of Language and Politics 4 (1): 65–91. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.4.1.04dij. DijkTeun A. van 2005 War Rhetoric of a Little Ally Journal of Language and Politics 4 1 65 91 https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.4.1.04dij. 10.1075/jlp.4.1.04dij Search in Google Scholar

Elias, Norbert, and John L. Scotson. 1994. “Introduction: A Theoretical Essay on Established and Outsider Relations.” In The Established and the Outsiders: A Sociological Enquiry into Community Problems, xv–lii. EliasNorbert ScotsonJohn L. 1994 “Introduction: A Theoretical Essay on Established and Outsider Relations.” In The Established and the Outsiders: A Sociological Enquiry into Community Problems xv lii 10.4135/9781446222126 Search in Google Scholar

Fairclough, Norman. 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. London and New York: Longman. FaircloughNorman 1995 Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language London and New York Longman Search in Google Scholar

Falter, Jürgen W., and Siegfried Schumann. 1988. “Affinity towards Right-Wing Extremism in Western Europe.” West European Politics 11 (2): 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402388808424684. FalterJürgen W. SchumannSiegfried 1988 “Affinity towards Right-Wing Extremism in Western Europe.” West European Politics 11 2 96 110 https://doi.org/10.1080/01402388808424684. 10.1080/01402388808424684 Search in Google Scholar

Ferreira, Carles. 2019. “Vox como representante de la derecha radical en España: un estudio sobre su ideología.” Revista Española de Ciencia Política 51: 73. https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.51.03. FerreiraCarles 2019 “Vox como representante de la derecha radical en España: un estudio sobre su ideología.” Revista Española de Ciencia Política 51 73 https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.51.03. 10.21308/recp.51.03 Search in Google Scholar

Fetzer, Anita. 2011. “1. Pragmatics as a linguistic concept1.” Foundations of Ppragmatics 1, 23. FetzerAnita 2011 “1. Pragmatics as a linguistic concept1.” Foundations of Ppragmatics 1 23 10.1515/9783110214260.23 Search in Google Scholar

Fillmore, Charles J. 2006. “Frame Semantics.” Cognitive Linguistics: Basic Readings 34, 373–400. FillmoreCharles J. 2006 “Frame Semantics.” Cognitive Linguistics: Basic Readings 34 373 400 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00424-7 Search in Google Scholar

Hainsworth, Paul. 2008. The extreme right in Europe. New York: Routledge. HainsworthPaul 2008 The extreme right in Europe New York Routledge 10.4324/9780203965054 Search in Google Scholar

Hahn, Dan F. 1998. Political Communication: Rhetoric, Government, and Citizens. State College, PA: Strata. HahnDan F. 1998 Political Communication: Rhetoric, Government, and Citizens State College, PA Strata Search in Google Scholar

Huckin, Thomas. 2002. “Textual Silence and the Discourse of Homelessness.” Discourse & Society 13 (3): 347–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926502013003054. HuckinThomas 2002 “Textual Silence and the Discourse of Homelessness.” Discourse & Society 13 3 347 72 https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926502013003054. 10.1177/0957926502013003054 Search in Google Scholar

International Organization for Migration. 2012. Spain. https://www.iom.int/countries/spain. International Organization for Migration 2012 Spain https://www.iom.int/countries/spain. Search in Google Scholar

Langacker, Ronald W. 1991. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume II. Descriptive Application. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. LangackerRonald W. 1991 Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume II. Descriptive Application Stanford, CA Stanford University Press Search in Google Scholar

Lincoln, Bruce. 2014. Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification. New York: Oxford University Press. LincolnBruce 2014 Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification New York Oxford University Press 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199372362.001.0001 Search in Google Scholar

Ortiz Barquero, Pablo. 2019. “The Electoral Breakthrough of the Radical Right in Spain: Correlates of Electoral Support for VOX in Andalusia (2018).” Genealogy 3 (4): 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy3040072. Ortiz BarqueroPablo 2019 “The Electoral Breakthrough of the Radical Right in Spain: Correlates of Electoral Support for VOX in Andalusia (2018).” Genealogy 3 4 72 https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy3040072. 10.3390/genealogy3040072 Search in Google Scholar

Pardo, Pablo. 2021. “Spain Takes a Leap to the Populist Right.” ForeignPolicy.com. May 21, 2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/21/spain-migrant-crisis-ceuta-partido-popular-pp-ayuso-casado-sanchez-madrid-election-populist-right-immigration/. PardoPablo 2021 “Spain Takes a Leap to the Populist Right.” ForeignPolicy.com May 21 2021 https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/21/spain-migrant-crisis-ceuta-partido-popular-pp-ayuso-casado-sanchez-madrid-election-populist-right-immigration/. Search in Google Scholar

Pearce, Michael. 2001. “’Getting behind the Image:’ Personality Politics in a Labour Party Election Broadcast.” Language and Literature 10 (3): 211–28. PearceMichael 2001 “’Getting behind the Image:’ Personality Politics in a Labour Party Election Broadcast.” Language and Literature 10 3 211 28 10.1177/0973-9470-20010803-02 Search in Google Scholar

Qiang, K. A. N. G. 2013. “On Perlocutionary Act.” Studies in Literature and Language 6 (1): 60–64. QiangK. A. N. G 2013 “On Perlocutionary Act.” Studies in Literature and Language 6 1 60 64 Search in Google Scholar

Rinaldo, Zainal Arifin. 2016. “Positive-Self and Negative Other Presentation in the 2016 US Presidential Announcement Speeches: A Critical Discourse Analysis.” Tell-Us Journal 2 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.22202/tus.2016.v2i1.1333. RinaldoZainal Arifin 2016 “Positive-Self and Negative Other Presentation in the 2016 US Presidential Announcement Speeches: A Critical Discourse Analysis.” Tell-Us Journal 2 1 1 9 https://doi.org/10.22202/tus.2016.v2i1.1333. 10.22202/tus.2016.v2i1.1333 Search in Google Scholar

Reyes, Antonio. 2011. “Strategies of Legitimization in Political Discourse: From Words to Actions.” Discourse & Society 22 (6): 781–807. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926511419927. ReyesAntonio 2011 “Strategies of Legitimization in Political Discourse: From Words to Actions.” Discourse & Society 22 6 781 807 https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926511419927. 10.1177/0957926511419927 Search in Google Scholar

Rubio-Pueyo, Vicente. 2019, “VOX:¿ Una nueva extrema derecha en España.” Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, 1–24. Rubio-PueyoVicente 2019 “VOX:¿ Una nueva extrema derecha en España.” Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung 1 24 Search in Google Scholar

Sadock, Jerrold. 2004. “Speech Acts.” In Handbook of Pragmatics, edited by L. R. Horn and G. Ward, 53–73. Malden, MA: Blackwell. SadockJerrold 2004 “Speech Acts.” In Handbook of Pragmatics edited by HornL. R. WardG. 53 73 Malden, MA Blackwell 10.1002/9780470756959.ch3 Search in Google Scholar

Sallet, Oliver. 2018. “At Spain's Enclave of Ceuta, African Refugees Dream of Europe.” August 22, 2018. https://www.dw.com/en/at-spains-enclave-of-ceuta-african-refugees-dream-of-europe/a-45188401. SalletOliver 2018 “At Spain's Enclave of Ceuta, African Refugees Dream of Europe.” August 22 2018 https://www.dw.com/en/at-spains-enclave-of-ceuta-african-refugees-dream-of-europe/a-45188401. Search in Google Scholar

Sangiao, Sergio. 2019. “Los tránsfugas de Abascal.” CTXT 205, January 23, 2019. https://ctxt.es/es/20190123/Politica/24011/Sergio-Sangiao-vox-politica-espa%C3%B1a-Abascal-Smith-PP-ciudadanos-cargos.htm#:~:text=Los%20tr%C3%A1nsfugas%20de%20Abascal%20La%20c%C3%BApula%20del%20partido%2C,Show%20legend%20Qui%C3%A9n%20manda%20en%20Vox%20in%20Onodo. SangiaoSergio 2019 “Los tránsfugas de Abascal.” CTXT 205 January 23 2019 https://ctxt.es/es/20190123/Politica/24011/Sergio-Sangiao-vox-politica-espa%C3%B1a-Abascal-Smith-PP-ciudadanos-cargos.htm#:~:text=Los%20tr%C3%A1nsfugas%20de%20Abascal%20La%20c%C3%BApula%20del%20partido%2C,Show%20legend%20Qui%C3%A9n%20manda%20en%20Vox%20in%20Onodo. Search in Google Scholar

Searle, John R. 2002. Speech Acts, Mind, and Social Reality. Dordrecht: Springer. SearleJohn R. 2002 Speech Acts, Mind, and Social Reality Dordrecht Springer 10.1007/978-94-010-0589-0_1 Search in Google Scholar

Spanje, Joost van. 2010. “Contagious Parties: Anti-Immigration Parties and Their Impact on Other Parties’ Immigration Stances in Contemporary Western Europe.” Party Politics 16 (5): 563–86. SpanjeJoost van 2010 “Contagious Parties: Anti-Immigration Parties and Their Impact on Other Parties’ Immigration Stances in Contemporary Western Europe.” Party Politics 16 5 563 86 10.1177/1354068809346002 Search in Google Scholar

Stanley, Jason. 2019. Facha. Cómo funciona el fascismo y cómo ha entrado en tu vida. Barcelona: Blackie Books. StanleyJason 2019 Facha. Cómo funciona el fascismo y cómo ha entrado en tu vida Barcelona Blackie Books Search in Google Scholar

Stoegner, Karin, and Ruth Wodak. 2016. “‘The Man Who Hated Britain’–The Discursive Construction of ‘National Unity’ in the Daily Mail.” Critical Discourse Studies 13 (2): 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2015.1103764. StoegnerKarin WodakRuth 2016 “‘The Man Who Hated Britain’–The Discursive Construction of ‘National Unity’ in the Daily Mail.” Critical Discourse Studies 13 2 193 209 https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2015.1103764. 10.1080/17405904.2015.1103764 Search in Google Scholar

Sunderland, Jane. 2004. Gendered Dscourses. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. SunderlandJane 2004 Gendered Dscourses Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 10.1057/9780230505582 Search in Google Scholar

Tajfel, Henri. 1970. “Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination.” Scientific American 223 (5): 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1170-96. TajfelHenri 1970 “Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination.” Scientific American 223 5 96 103 https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1170-96. 10.1038/scientificamerican1170-96 Search in Google Scholar

Torreblanca, Jose Ignacio. 2021. “This Time Is Different: Spain, Morocco, and Weaponised Migration.” European Council on Foreign Relations. May 26, 2021. https://ecfr.eu/article/this-time-is-different-spain-morocco-and-weaponised-migration/. TorreblancaJose Ignacio 2021 “This Time Is Different: Spain, Morocco, and Weaponised Migration.” European Council on Foreign Relations May 26 2021 https://ecfr.eu/article/this-time-is-different-spain-morocco-and-weaponised-migration/. Search in Google Scholar

Valdez-Apolo, María-Belén, Carlos Arcila-Calderón, and Javier J. Amores. 2019. “El discurso del odio hacia migrantes y refugiados a través del tono y los marcos de los mensajes en Twitter.” Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación 6, 12. Valdez-ApoloMaría-Belén Arcila-CalderónCarlos AmoresJavier J. 2019 “El discurso del odio hacia migrantes y refugiados a través del tono y los marcos de los mensajes en Twitter.” Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación 6 12 10.24137/raeic.6.12.2 Search in Google Scholar

Valk, Ineke van der. 2003. “Political Discourse on Ethnic Minority Issues: A Comparison of the Right and the Extreme Right in the Netherlands and France (1990–97).” Ethnicities 3 (2): 183–213. ValkIneke van der 2003 “Political Discourse on Ethnic Minority Issues: A Comparison of the Right and the Extreme Right in the Netherlands and France (1990–97).” Ethnicities 3 2 183 213 10.1177/1468796803003002002 Search in Google Scholar

Wodak, Ruth. 2001. “The Discourse-Historical Approach.” Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis 1, 63–94. WodakRuth 2001 “The Discourse-Historical Approach.” Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis 1 63 94 10.4135/9780857028020.n4 Search in Google Scholar

Wodak, Ruth. 2008. “‘Us’ and ‘Them:’ Inclusion and Exclusion–Discrimination via Discourse.” Identity, Belonging and Migration 17, 54. WodakRuth 2008 “‘Us’ and ‘Them:’ Inclusion and Exclusion–Discrimination via Discourse.” Identity, Belonging and Migration 17 54 10.5949/liverpool/9781846311185.003.0004 Search in Google Scholar

Wodak, Ruth. 2009. The Discourse of Politics in Action: Politics As Usual. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. WodakRuth 2009 The Discourse of Politics in Action: Politics As Usual Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 10.1057/9780230233683 Search in Google Scholar

Wodak, Ruth, and Michael Meyer, eds. 2015. Methods of Critical Discourse Studies. 3rd ed. Los Angeles: Sage. WodakRuth MeyerMichael eds 2015 Methods of Critical Discourse Studies 3rd ed. Los Angeles Sage Search in Google Scholar

Yuval-Davis, Nira. 2010. “Theorizing Identity: Beyond the ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ Dichotomy.” Patterns of Prejudice 44 (3): 261–80. Yuval-DavisNira 2010 “Theorizing Identity: Beyond the ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ Dichotomy.” Patterns of Prejudice 44 3 261 80 10.1080/0031322X.2010.489736 Search in Google Scholar

Zaslove, Andrej. 2008. “Exclusion, Community, and a Populist Political Economy: The Radical Rght As an Anti-Globalization Movement.” Comparative European Politics 6 (2): 169–89. doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110126. ZasloveAndrej 2008 “Exclusion, Community, and a Populist Political Economy: The Radical Rght As an Anti-Globalization Movement.” Comparative European Politics 6 2 169 89 doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110126. 10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110126 Search in Google Scholar