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A Morphology-Driven Method for Measuring Technology Complementarity: Empirical Study Involving Alzheimer's Disease

Xuefeng Wang
Xuefeng Wang
, 
Rongrong Li
Rongrong Li
, 
Yuqin Liu
Yuqin Liu
 et 
Ming Lei
Ming Lei
   | 12 août 2022
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Article Category: Research Paper
Publié en ligne: 12 août 2022
Pages: 20 - 48
Reçu: 18 févr. 2022
Accepté: 02 juin 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jdis-2022-0017
Mots clés
© 2022 Xuefeng Wang et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

The schematic diagram of a morphology-driven method for measuring technology complementarity.
The schematic diagram of a morphology-driven method for measuring technology complementarity.

Figure 2

The realization steps of technology complementarity measurement based on the improved morphology-driven method: a case study involving Alzheimer's disease
The realization steps of technology complementarity measurement based on the improved morphology-driven method: a case study involving Alzheimer's disease

Figure 3

The comparison between the technology complementarity methods based on SAO and IPC.
The comparison between the technology complementarity methods based on SAO and IPC.

Appendix 3

The cluster analysis of S based on S similarity matrix.
The cluster analysis of S based on S similarity matrix.

Appendix 4

The cluster analysis of AO based on AO similarity matrix.
The cluster analysis of AO based on AO similarity matrix.

Extracted SAO semantic structure and corresponding patentee.

Patent Number Patentee Code S(Subject) A(Action) O(Object)
JP2006199666 AAKS-C; NAGS-CNAGS-C Agent Treats Amnesia
JP2008214245 NAGS-C Inhibitors Treats Alzheimer's Disease
Inhibitors Treats Arteriosclerosis
Inhibitors Treats Diabetic Nephropathy
Inhibitors Treats Diabetic Neuropathies
Inhibitors Treats Diabetic Retinopathy
Inhibitors Treats Inflammation
Inhibitors Treats Cerebrovascular accident
Inhibitors Treats Myocardial Ischemia
WO200294259; EP1387678-A1; AU2002314036; US2004235813 PLAC-C Peptides Disrupts Adenosine triphosphatase activity
Amyloid Interacts_With aapp
HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins Interacts_With aapp
Pharmaceutical Preparations Treats Disease
HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins Treats Disease
HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins Treats Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome
WO200288108; US2003013712; EP1383759; US6727364; AU2002305226; JP2004528351; CN1505625; AU2002305226 PROC-C Macular degeneration Affects Hair growth
Pterygium Affects Hair growth
Disease Associated_With cytokine activity
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Causes Cachexia
Prophylactic treatment Causes skin disorder
Prophylactic treatment Causes Dermatitis, Atopic
Prophylactic treatment Causes Scleroderma
Prophylactic treatment Causes Epidermolysis Bullosa
Prophylactic treatment Causes Psoriasis
Macular degeneration Affects Hair growth
…… …… …… …… ……

The technology morphology matrix for MERI-C.

TQ1 … TQ114 … TQ20 … TQ36
TM1 Acetic Acid-TREATS-CNS Disorder;
TM2
… … … … … … … …
TM214 Down Syndrome-Causes-Alzheimer's Disease; Down Syndrome-Causes-Alzheimer's Disease; Down Syndrome-Causes-Epilepsy;
TM215 Antibodies-Treats-Alzheimer's Disease; Antibodies-Treats-Neurodegenerative Disorders;
TM216
TM217 Ethanol-Treats-Autoimmune Diseases; Ethanol-Treats-Autoimmune Diseases; … Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Alzheimer's Disease; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Parkinson Disease; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Neurodegenerative Disorders; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Alzheimer's Disease; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Parkinson Disease; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Neurodegenerative Disorders; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Neurodegenerative Disorders; Potassium Channel Blockers-Treats-Alzheimer's Disease; Ethanol-Treats-Huntington Disease; Ethanol-Treats-Dementia; Ethanol-Treats-Huntington Disease; Ethanol-Treats-Dementia; Ethanol-Treats-Mental Disorders; Serine-Prevents-Dementia; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Cns Disorder; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Cns Disorder; Ethanol-Treats-Epilepsy; Ethanol-Treats-Cerebrovascular Accident; Ethanol-Treats-Epilepsy; Ethanol-Treats-Cerebrovascular Accident; … …
… … … … … … … …
TM425

A sample morphological matrix. (Assuming there are only three attributes and each attribute has only two levels)

Attribute 1 Attribute 2 Attribute 3
Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 2
Attribute 1 Level 1
Level 2
Attribute 2 Level 1
Level 2
Attribute 3 Level 1
Level 2

Results of technology complementarity between institutions based on IPC classification numbers.

AAKS-C ABBI-C ABBO-C ABLY-C ACAD-C ACET-C ACIM-C ACOR-C ACVE-C ADCE-C ADDE-C ADIR-C AFFI-C …..
AAKS-C 0 0.0897 0.1091 0.0769 0.0684 0.1047 0.0576 0.0538 0.0544 0.0692 0.0682 0.0333 0.0612 …..
ABBI-C 0.0712 0 0.124 0.0687 0.0681 0.126 0.0619 0.0561 0.0511 0.0727 0.0803 0.03 0.0686 …..
ABBO-C 0.0818 0.1135 0 0.0745 0.0741 0.1288 0.0594 0.059 0.0719 0.0867 0.0696 0.0478 0.0548 …..
ABLY-C 0.0983 0.1077 0.1242 0 0.0783 0.1336 0.0725 0.0749 0.0765 0.0941 0.074 0.0436 0.0715 …..
ACAD-C 0.1367 0.153 0.1695 0.1251 0 0.1458 0.1009 0.0924 0.1132 0.1395 0.1232 0.0777 0.1038 …..
ACET-C 0.1058 0.1456 0.1636 0.1174 0.0859 0 0.0954 0.0695 0.0996 0.1131 0.0936 0.0764 0.1006 …..
ACIM-C 0.1005 0.1222 0.1306 0.0932 0.0765 0.1318 0 0.0808 0.0812 0.1006 0.0662 0.0408 0.0576 …..
ACOR-C 0.1093 0.1296 0.1449 0.1077 0.0781 0.1174 0.0927 0 0.09 0.1061 0.0905 0.0708 0.0902 …..
ACVE-C 0.0864 0.1028 0.1326 0.088 0.0775 0.1312 0.0714 0.0682 0 0.0805 0.0771 0.0425 0.0662 …..
ADCE-C 0.0831 0.1041 0.1292 0.0857 0.0857 0.1246 0.071 0.0636 0.0605 0 0.0685 0.0518 0.0723 …..
ADDE-C 0.1183 0.1464 0.1478 0.1027 0.105 0.1391 0.0745 0.0863 0.0941 0.1067 0 0.063 0.0788 …..
ADIR-C 0.1149 0.1274 0.1561 0.1039 0.0929 0.1556 0.0798 0.0969 0.0908 0.1183 0.0918 0 0.0904 …..
AFFI-C 0.1107 0.1342 0.133 0.0997 0.0898 0.1463 0.0653 0.0871 0.0828 0.1088 0.0763 0.0583 0 …..
AGEN-C 0.1147 0.1321 0.1695 0.1249 0.1017 0.1295 0.0966 0.0826 0.0896 0.1013 0.1174 0.0812 0.1081 …..
AICU-C 0.0916 0.1114 0.1296 0.0934 0.0862 0.1333 0.0652 0.0741 0.0585 0.0768 0.0689 0.0425 0.0641 …..
AISS-C 0.1211 0.1379 0.1665 0.1327 0.0944 0.159 0.1033 0.1076 0.1065 0.1188 0.1129 0.0764 0.0965 …..
AJIN-C 0.1206 0.1338 0.1498 0.108 0.1054 0.1572 0.0947 0.097 0.0859 0.102 0.0913 0.0578 0.0849 …..
ALKP-C 0.1511 0.1663 0.1826 0.1467 0.1155 0.1668 0.129 0.1101 0.1203 0.1473 0.1285 0.0936 0.1178 …..
ALKU-C 0.1144 0.1455 0.1328 0.1083 0.0915 0.1319 0.0975 0.0833 0.106 0.1266 0.1094 0.0681 0.1024 …..
ALLR-C 0.1419 0.1666 0.1766 0.1337 0.0935 0.1461 0.1179 0.0996 0.1217 0.1443 0.1116 0.0944 0.1089 …..
….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. …..

Comparison of rankings based on the three technology similarity methods with rankings based on expert knowledge.

Institutions rankings based on SAO rankings based on expert absolute value Institutions rankings based on IPC rankings based on expert absolute value
HOFF-C 1 6 5 UYMI-C 1 7 6
PFIZ-C 2 1 1 UYXM-C 2 9 7
TAKE-C 3 8 5 UCNT-C 3 8 5
FARB-C 4 5 1 SYTO-C 4 5 1
GLAX-C 5 2 3 UJIN-C 5 10 5
BRIM-C 6 4 2 ZYMO-C 6 2 4
ASTR-C 7 3 4 UYSY-C 7 4 3
AMHP-C 8 9 1 ZHJA-C 8 6 2
SMIK-C 9 10 1 TAKI-C 9 1 8
NOVS-C 10 7 3 THRE-C 10 3 7
The sum of absolute value of difference between the rankings based on technology similarity method with rankings based on expert 26 48
The average value of absolute value of difference between the rankings based on technology similarity method with rankings based on expert 2.6 4.8

The number of S and the concept of S.

No S No S No S No S …..
1 Abetalipoproteinemia 29 Alkaline Phosphatase 67 Antiepileptic Agents 112 Bile Acids …..
2 Spontaneous abortion 30 Alleles 68 Epitopes 113 Binding Sites …..
3 Abscess 31 Allergens 69 Antigens 114 Biogenesis …..
4 Acetic Acid 32 Allergic rhinitis NOS 70 Antihypertensive Agents 115 Biological Products …..
5 Acetylation 33 Alopecia 71 Antimalarials 116 Biotin …..
6 Acetylcholine 34 Alopecia Areata 72 Antineoplastic Agents 117 Bipolar Disorder …..
7 Acetylcholinesterase 35 Altitude Sickness 73 Antioxidants 118 Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder …..
8 Acids 36 Alzheimer's Disease 74 Antiviral Agents 119 Bladder, Neurogenic …..
9 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 37 Amenorrhea 75 Anxiety Disorders 120 Bulla …..
10 Acriflavine 38 Amides 76 Aortic Aneurysm 121 Blood Coagulation Disorders …..
11 Actins 39 Amidines 77 Aphasia 122 Blood Glucose …..
12 Addison's disease 40 Amines 78 Apolipoproteins 123 Bone Diseases …..
13 Adenine 41 Amino Acids 79 Apolipoprotein E 124 Bone Diseases, Metabolic …..
14 adenoma 42 Transaminases 80 Desire for food 125 Bone Marrow Transplantation …..
15 Adenosine Monophosphate 43 Amnesia 81 Appetite Regulation 126 Bone Regeneration …..
16 Receptors, Purinergic P1 44 Amyloid 82 cardiac arrhythmia 127 Bone Resorption …..
17 ATP phosphohydrolase 45 Amyloidosis 83 Art Therapy 128 Brain Diseases …..
18 ADENYLATE KINASE 46 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 84 Arthritis 129 Brain Neoplasms …..
19 Immunologic Adjuvants 47 Analgesics 85 Arthritis, Gouty 130 Malignant neoplasm of breast …..
….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. …..

Results of technology complementarity between institutions based on SAO.

AAKS-C ABBI-C ABBO-C ABLY-C ACAD-C ACET-C ACIM-C ACOR-C ACVE-C ADCE-C ADDE-C ADIR-C AFFI-C …..
AAKS-C 0 0.002 0.0016 0.0023 0.0021 0.0023 0.0023 0.0023 0.0023 0.0023 0.0023 0.0023 0.0023 …..
ABBI-C 0.0535 0 0.0201 0.0529 0.0509 0.0509 0.0504 0.0513 0.0527 0.0521 0.0511 0.0534 0.0528 …..
ABBO-C 0.0656 0.0332 0 0.0653 0.0634 0.0626 0.063 0.0642 0.0654 0.0647 0.0637 0.066 0.0652 …..
ABLY-C 0.005 0.0041 0.0041 0 0.0051 0.0049 0.005 0.005 0.0048 0.005 0.0049 0.0048 0.005 …..
ACAD-C 0.0096 0.0068 0.0068 0.0098 0 0.0086 0.0087 0.0088 0.0096 0.0093 0.0093 0.0096 0.0093 …..
ACET-C 0.0125 0.0095 0.0087 0.0124 0.0113 0 0.0122 0.0116 0.0123 0.0119 0.0121 0.0125 0.0121 …..
ACIM-C 0.0085 0.0049 0.005 0.0085 0.0074 0.0082 0 0.0076 0.0079 0.0077 0.008 0.0084 0.0075 …..
ACOR-C 0.0071 0.0046 0.005 0.0071 0.0061 0.0062 0.0063 0 0.0066 0.0062 0.0066 0.0071 0.007 …..
ACVE-C 0.0023 0.0012 0.0014 0.0021 0.0021 0.0021 0.0018 0.0017 0 0.0019 0.0021 0.0019 0.0021 …..
ADCE-C 0.004 0.0023 0.0025 0.0041 0.0035 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0037 0 0.0039 0.004 0.0039 …..
ADDE-C 0.0091 0.0063 0.0062 0.0089 0.0085 0.0086 0.0085 0.0085 0.0089 0.0089 0 0.009 0.0089 …..
ADIR-C 0.0016 0.0012 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 0.0012 0.0015 0.0015 0 0.0015 …..
AFFI-C 0.0023 0.0013 0.0013 0.0023 0.0018 0.002 0.0014 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0021 0.0023 0 …..
AGEN-C 0.0017 0.0008 0.0013 0.0017 0.0016 0.0018 0.0012 0.0014 0.0015 0.0017 0.0014 0.0017 0.0014 …..
AICU-C 0.0025 0.0021 0.0013 0.0025 0.0022 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0021 0.0025 0.0025 0.0023 …..
AISS-C 0.006 0.0046 0.0043 0.006 0.0051 0.0055 0.0053 0.0056 0.0058 0.0056 0.006 0.0058 0.0058 …..
AJIN-C 0.0029 0.0023 0.0027 0.0029 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027 0.0027 0.0027 0.0027 0.0027 0.0029 0.0027 …..
ALKP-C 0.0027 0.0018 0.0016 0.0027 0.0028 0.0025 0.0027 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0021 0.0027 0.0027 …..
ALKU-C 0.0042 0.0028 0.0025 0.0044 0.0035 0.0039 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0043 0.0042 0.0042 …..
ALLR-C 0.0327 0.0297 0.0284 0.033 0.0316 0.0311 0.0323 0.0321 0.0327 0.0322 0.0314 0.033 0.0327 …..
ALLX-C 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 …..
….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. …..

The semantic similarity calculation results between AO based on UMLS.

AO1 AO2 similarity AO1 AO2 similarity AO1 AO2 similarity AO1 AO2 similarity AO1 AO2 similarity AO1 AO2 similarity …..
7 661 1 3 4 0.5 15 2,715 0.1861 15 2,285 0.079 15 6,404 0.0278 107 3,714 0.0085 …..
28 728 1 3 5 0.5 15 7,638 0.1861 15 3,700 0.079 15 7,392 0.0278 107 3,925 0.0085 …..
100 320 1 9 2,835 0.48 40 1,630 0.1828 15 3,791 0.079 15 7,497 0.0278 107 6,199 0.0085 …..
9 19 0.98 9 3,872 0.48 40 2,578 0.1828 15 4,099 0.079 15 7,982 0.0278 107 7,552 0.0085 …..
86 210 0.9728 9 5,795 0.48 40 3,761 0.1828 15 4,295 0.079 15 8,291 0.0278 27 7,813 0.0077 …..
46 125 0.9706 90 3,053 0.4706 40 3,983 0.1828 15 5,800 0.079 22 1,452 0.0278 71 1,540 0.0075 …..
90 282 0.9706 90 8,578 0.4706 40 6,052 0.1828 15 5,913 0.079 22 2,325 0.0278 71 3,655 0.0075 …..
25 835 0.96 25 2,509 0.46 40 7,427 0.1828 15 5,953 0.079 22 3,738 0.0278 71 3,737 0.0075 …..
59 810 0.9445 25 8,307 0.46 1 3,954 0.1667 15 5,955 0.079 22 3,879 0.0278 71 6,001 0.0075 …..
60 1,207 0.9 59 2,358 0.4445 1 7,175 0.1667 15 6,056 0.079 22 5,939 0.0278 71 6,129 0.0075 …..
87 566 0.8936 59 5,968 0.4445 41 1,408 0.1667 15 7,359 0.079 22 6,051 0.0278 71 7,454 0.0075 …..
26 859 0.8846 59 6,323 0.4445 41 2,662 0.1667 15 7,572 0.079 22 7,369 0.0278 46 1,645 0.0073 …..
13 41 0.875 59 7,905 0.4445 41 7,606 0.1667 109 3,226 0.0715 37 1,497 0.0266 46 4,009 0.0073 …..
27 1,137 0.8334 61 3,502 0.4385 23 1,450 0.1539 69 2,962 0.0709 37 3,544 0.0266 30 1,761 0.0067 …..
76 896 0.7756 73 1,625 0.4 23 2,567 0.1539 69 7,469 0.0709 37 3,736 0.0266 30 2,752 0.0067 …..
69 258 0.775 73 2,488 0.4 23 2,851 0.1539 97 5,964 0.0648 37 5,920 0.0266 30 4,207 0.0067 …..
19 66 0.7728 73 6,196 0.4 23 6,274 0.1539 26 1,761 0.0633 37 6,059 0.0266 30 7,587 0.0067 …..
74 775 0.7586 73 7,854 0.4 23 8,562 0.1539 26 2,752 0.0633 37 7,592 0.0266 48 1,653 0.0062 …..
87 498 0.74 87 1,592 0.3936 15 1,496 0.1464 26 4,207 0.0633 41 1,340 0.0266 86 4,115 0.006 …..
31 540 0.7364 87 2,976 0.3936 15 2,353 0.1464 26 7,587 0.0633 41 2,286 0.0266 23 1,536 0.0058 …..
….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. …..

The cleaning process and results.

Number Cleaning process Results
#1 Separation of primitive natural semantic relations. 306,957
#2 Delete 684 records with missing relationships. 305,913
Delete 2231 records with missing subject. 303,682
Delete 2072 records with missing predicate. 301,610
Delete 362 records with missing PMID number. 301,248
#3 Delete the remarks and analysis information of subject, predicate and object. 301,248
#4 Delete records where Subject and Object are meaningless numbers and mathematical formulas. 301,242
#5 Remove the SAO semantic structure that is not related to technology and only retain SAO semantic structure whose semantic relationship are the functionally related and conceptually related. 122,769

Schematic diagram of the technology morphological matrix.

TQ1 TQ2 ……… TQk
TM1
TM2
……… SAOij
TMf

The specific search strategy of Alzheimer's disease form Derwent.

Search strategy Result
TS=((Alzheimer* (disease* or dementia)) or Alzheimer or (Alzheimer (Dementia* or (Sclerosis or Syndrome) or (Type Dementia) or (Alzheimer Type Senile Dementia))) or (Dementia ((Alzheimer's type) or Alzheimer* or (of The Alzheimer* Type) or (Alzheimer's type) or (in Alzheimer's disease) or (of Alzheimers Type))) or (Primary Senile Degenerative Dementia) or (Senile Dementia of The Alzheimer Type)or (Senile Dementia)or (simple senile dementia)) AND PY=(2000–2018) 48,268

The number of AO and the concept of AO.

NO A O NO A O NO A O …..
1 Affects Myelination 21 Affects Hair Growth 41 Affects Tauopathies …..
2 Affects Septicemia 22 Affects AIDS Dementia Complex 42 Affects Graves’ Disease …..
3 Affects Chronic Pain 23 Affects Rheumatoid Arthritis 43 Affects Orchitis …..
4 Affects Bacteria 24 Affects Diabetes Mellitus 44 Affects Hashimoto Disease …..
5 Affects Helper-Inducer T-Lymphocyte 25 Affects Glomerulonephritis 45 Affects Autoimmune Oophoritis …..
6 Affects Proteins 26 Affects Spinal Muscular Atrophy 46 Affects Oxidation-Reduction …..
7 Affects Gngm 27 Affects Parkinson Disease 47 Affects Prostate …..
8 Affects Response 28 Affects Psoriasis 48 Affects Gluconeogenesis …..
9 Affects Aging-Related Process 29 Affects Cerebellar Degeneration 49 Affects Drug Interactions …..
10 Affects Entire Nervous System 30 Affects Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 50 Affects Acidification …..
11 Affects Neuraxis 31 Affects Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic 51 Affects Energy Balance …..
12 Affects Hydrolysis 32 Affects Retinitis Pigmentosa 52 Affects Graft Rejection …..
13 Affects Alzheimer's Disease 33 Affects Retroviridae Infections 53 Affects Facilitation …..
14 Affects Disease 34 Affects Inflammatory Disorder 54 Affects Receptor Function …..
15 Affects Dementia 35 Affects Patients 55 Affects Autoimmune Diseases …..
16 Affects Signal Transduction Inhibition 36 Affects Immune System Diseases 56 Affects Sex Behavior …..
17 Affects Folliculitis 37 Affects Neurodegenerative Disorders 57 Affects Growth …..
18 Affects Diabetes 38 Affects Neoplasm 58 Affects Organism …..
19 Affects Aging 39 Affects Lamellipodium Biogenesis 59 Affects Memory Disorders …..
20 Affects Apoptosis 40 Affects Intestinal Diseases 60 Affects Insulin Resistance …..
….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. …..
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