Accès libre

Effects of work requirements for food assistance eligibility on disability claiming

Sarah S. Stith
Sarah S. Stith
   | 19 févr. 2022
IZA Journal of Labor Economics's Cover Image
À propos de cet article
Article précédent
Article suivant
Citez
Publié en ligne: 19 févr. 2022
Pages: -
Accepté: 10 janv. 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajole-2022-0002
Mots clés
© 2022 Sarah S. Stith, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

States with work requirements by year.Notes: Data are from USDA correspondence to states regarding their work requirement waivers.
States with work requirements by year.Notes: Data are from USDA correspondence to states regarding their work requirement waivers.

Figure 2

Decomposition of DID results. Panel A: Decomposition of overall results. Panel B: Decomposition of results for those with self-reported disabilities or low income.Notes: Decomposition based on Goodman-Bacon (2021).
Decomposition of DID results. Panel A: Decomposition of overall results. Panel B: Decomposition of results for those with self-reported disabilities or low income.Notes: Decomposition based on Goodman-Bacon (2021).

Figure 3

Event studies – Overall effects.Notes: Average Treatment Effects on the Treated (ATT) are graphed by year relative to work requirement implementation. ATTs are calculated by running event studies separately for each group as defined by year of work requirement implementation. Leads and lags are then averaged, weighting by the share of states in each group. Virginia and West Virginia gained and reversed work requirements during the sample period and are omitted from the event study analysis. Outcomes are measured per 10,000 population in the first two graphs and are rates in the second two graphs. Underlying regressions control for state and year fixed effects with standard errors clustered at the state level.
Event studies – Overall effects.Notes: Average Treatment Effects on the Treated (ATT) are graphed by year relative to work requirement implementation. ATTs are calculated by running event studies separately for each group as defined by year of work requirement implementation. Leads and lags are then averaged, weighting by the share of states in each group. Virginia and West Virginia gained and reversed work requirements during the sample period and are omitted from the event study analysis. Outcomes are measured per 10,000 population in the first two graphs and are rates in the second two graphs. Underlying regressions control for state and year fixed effects with standard errors clustered at the state level.

Figure 4

Event studies for SSA recipients.Notes: Average Treatment Effects on the Treated (ATT) are graphed by year relative to work requirement implementation. ATTs are calculated by running event studies separately for each group as defined by year of work requirement implementation. Leads and lags are then averaged, weighting by the share of states in each group. Virginia and West Virginia gained and reversed work requirements during the sample period and are omitted from the event study analysis. Underlying regressions control for state and year fixed effects with standard errors clustered at the state level.
Event studies for SSA recipients.Notes: Average Treatment Effects on the Treated (ATT) are graphed by year relative to work requirement implementation. ATTs are calculated by running event studies separately for each group as defined by year of work requirement implementation. Leads and lags are then averaged, weighting by the share of states in each group. Virginia and West Virginia gained and reversed work requirements during the sample period and are omitted from the event study analysis. Underlying regressions control for state and year fixed effects with standard errors clustered at the state level.

Figure A1

SSA applications and recipients per 10,000 population by year.Notes: Data are from the SAMWD.
SSA applications and recipients per 10,000 population by year.Notes: Data are from the SAMWD.

Figure A2

Probability of SNAP recipiency over time.Notes: Data are from the CPS. SNAP – Difficulty includes all individuals reporting a disability based on the six-part monthly difficulty question and the annual work limitation question. SNAP – Low income includes individuals earning <150% of the federal poverty line.
Probability of SNAP recipiency over time.Notes: Data are from the CPS. SNAP – Difficulty includes all individuals reporting a disability based on the six-part monthly difficulty question and the annual work limitation question. SNAP – Low income includes individuals earning <150% of the federal poverty line.

Figure A3

Probability of SSI recipiency over time.Notes: Data are from the CPS. SSI – Difficulty includes all individuals reporting a disability based on the six-part monthly difficulty question and the annual work limitation question. SSI – Low income includes individuals earning <150% of the federal poverty line.
Probability of SSI recipiency over time.Notes: Data are from the CPS. SSI – Difficulty includes all individuals reporting a disability based on the six-part monthly difficulty question and the annual work limitation question. SSI – Low income includes individuals earning <150% of the federal poverty line.

Figure A4

Event studies.Notes: Event studies are run including the full range of leads and lags available in the data and state and year fixed effects. Policy implementation occurs at time t = 0. Virginia and West Virginia gained and reversed work requirements during the sample period and are omitted from the event study analysis. Standard errors are clustered at the state-level. 95% confidence intervals are reported.
Event studies.Notes: Event studies are run including the full range of leads and lags available in the data and state and year fixed effects. Policy implementation occurs at time t = 0. Virginia and West Virginia gained and reversed work requirements during the sample period and are omitted from the event study analysis. Standard errors are clustered at the state-level. 95% confidence intervals are reported.

Figure A5

Event studies – Difficulty or low income.Notes: Event studies are run including the full range of leads and lags available in the data and state and year fixed effects. Policy implementation occurs at time t = 0. Virginia and West Virginia gained and reversed work requirements during the sample period and are omitted from the event study analysis. Standard errors are clustered at the state-level. 95% confidence intervals are reported.
Event studies – Difficulty or low income.Notes: Event studies are run including the full range of leads and lags available in the data and state and year fixed effects. Policy implementation occurs at time t = 0. Virginia and West Virginia gained and reversed work requirements during the sample period and are omitted from the event study analysis. Standard errors are clustered at the state-level. 95% confidence intervals are reported.

Figure A6

ATT by treatment group – Overall.Notes: Average Treatment Effects on the Treated (ATT) are graphed treatment group, as defined by the year the work requirement was implemented. ATTs are calculated by running event studies separately for each group as defined by year of work requirement implementation. Leads and lags are then averaged, weighting by the share of states in each group, before being aggregated to calculate the group-specific treatment effect. Virginia and West Virginia gained and reversed work requirements during the sample period and are omitted from the event study analysis. Underlying regressions control for state and year fixed effects with standard errors clustered at the state level.
ATT by treatment group – Overall.Notes: Average Treatment Effects on the Treated (ATT) are graphed treatment group, as defined by the year the work requirement was implemented. ATTs are calculated by running event studies separately for each group as defined by year of work requirement implementation. Leads and lags are then averaged, weighting by the share of states in each group, before being aggregated to calculate the group-specific treatment effect. Virginia and West Virginia gained and reversed work requirements during the sample period and are omitted from the event study analysis. Underlying regressions control for state and year fixed effects with standard errors clustered at the state level.

Figure A7

ATT by treatment group – Overall.Notes: Average Treatment Effects on the Treated (ATT) are graphed treatment group, as defined by the year the work requirement was implemented. ATTs are calculated by running event studies separately for each group as defined by year of work requirement implementation. Leads and lags are then averaged, weighting by the share of states in each group, before being aggregated to calculate the group-specific treatment effect. Virginia and West Virginia gained and reversed work requirements during the sample period and are omitted from the event study analysis. Underlying regressions control for state and year fixed effects with standard errors clustered at the state level.
ATT by treatment group – Overall.Notes: Average Treatment Effects on the Treated (ATT) are graphed treatment group, as defined by the year the work requirement was implemented. ATTs are calculated by running event studies separately for each group as defined by year of work requirement implementation. Leads and lags are then averaged, weighting by the share of states in each group, before being aggregated to calculate the group-specific treatment effect. Virginia and West Virginia gained and reversed work requirements during the sample period and are omitted from the event study analysis. Underlying regressions control for state and year fixed effects with standard errors clustered at the state level.

Regression results – rates among those with self-reported disabilities or low income

(1) (2) (3) (4)
SNAP rate – difficulty SNAP rate – low income SSI rate – difficulty SSI rate – low income
Panel A: Main Results
Any work requirement −0.001 (0.008) 0.004 (0.004) −0.013 (0.011) −0.007 (0.011)
Observations 408 408 408 408
Within R-squared 0.072 0.018 0.102 0.106
Standard R-squared 0.372 0.518 0.489 0.569
Mean 0.29 0.32 0.22 0.06
% Change from mean −0.3% 1.3% −5.9% −11.7%
Partial Eta-squared 0.003 0.001 0.000 0.002
90% Conf. interval 0 – 0.019 0 – 0.014 0 – 0.004 0 – 0.017
Panel B: Including State-Level Controls
Any work requirement 0.002 (0.008) 0.005 (0.004) −0.007 (0.012) −0.002 (0.010)
Observations 400 400 400 400
Within R-squared 0.124 0.067 0.167 0.179
Standard R-squared 0.410 0.542 0.526 0.606
% Change from mean 0.7% 1.6% −3.2% −3.3%
Partial Eta-squared 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.003
90% Conf. interval 0 – 0.013 0 – 0.007 0 – 0.007 0 – 0.022

Average treatment effects from Callaway and Sant’Anna (2021) analysis

(1) (2) (3) (4)
SSI applications per 10K SSI recipients per 10K SNAP rate SSI rate
Any work requirement 1.339* (0.806) 0.460 −0.499 0.001 −0.004 −0.001 (0.001)
Mean 33.43 11.19 0.13 0.02
% Change from mean 4.0% 4.1% 0.8% 5.0%
SNAP SNAP SSI SSI
Rate – Difficulty Rate – Low Income Rate – Difficulty Rate – Low Income
Any work requirement −0.037* (0.019) −0.016 (0.018) 0.010 (0.018) 0.001 (0.006)
Mean 0.29 0.32 0.22 0.06
% Change from mean 12.8% 5.0% 4.5% 1.7%
Observations 384 384 384 384

j.izajole-2022-0002.tab.004

Data URL
USDA correspondence Timothy Harris, Illinois State University. fharr1@ilstu.edu
SSA State Agency Monthly Workload Data https://www.ssa.gov/disability/data/ssa-sa-mowl.htm
Current Population Survey www.ipums.org
University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research Data http://ukcpr.org/resources/national-welfare-data
Medicaid Expansion https://www.kff.org/health-reform/state-indicator/state-activity-around-expanding-medicaid-under-the-affordable-care-act/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D.
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs www.pdaps.org
Medical and recreational cannabis access Powell, David; Rosalie Liccardo Pacula; Mireille Jacobson (2018). Do Medical Marijuana Laws Reduce Addictions and Deaths Related to Pain Killers? Journal of Health Economics, 58:29–42
www.pdaps.org
www.procon.org

State and year information on work requirements

Work requirements added by year
Pre-2010 Colorado, Delaware, Nebraska, New York, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, West Virginia
2011 None
2012 New Hampshire, Utah, Vermont, Wyoming
2013 Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Virginia
2014 Hawaii, Maine, Montana, Wisconsin
2015 Indiana, Louisiana, Washington
2016 Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia
2017 California, District of Columbia, Illinois, Michigan
Work requirements reversed by year
2012 West Virginia
2014 Virginia

Descriptive statistics overall and by work requirement status – control variables

FULL SAMPLE (N = 408) NO WR (N = 225) WR (N = 183) NO WR V. WR
Mean Std. Mean Std. Mean Std. p-Value
TANF cases per 1,000 4.42 3.05 4.99 3.72 2.81 2.90 <0.001
Medicaid expansion 0.28 0.45 0.19 0.39 0.40 0.49 0.683
Unemployment rate 6.34 2.16 7.64 1.78 4.74 1.38 <0.001
State minimum wage 7.66 0.96 7.58 7.76 1.07 1.06 0.064
Poverty ratio 0.14 0.03 0.15 0.12 0.03 0.03 <0.001
Fraction white 0.69 0.16 0.67 0.71 0.16 0.15 0.012
Fraction black 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.09 <0.001
Fraction hispanic 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.598
Fraction prime age adults 0.40 0.02 0.40 0.39 0.02 0.02 <0.001
Fraction with high school diploma 0.68 0.03 0.68 0.69 0.03 0.03 <0.001
Sex ratio (female to male) 0.51 0.01 0.51 0.51 0.01 0.01 <0.001
Medical cannabis dispensary 0.26 0.44 0.24 0.03 0.28 0.03 0.374
Recreational cannabis dispensary 0.03 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.02 <0.001
“Must Access” PDMP 0.17 0.38 0.12 0.02 0.25 0.03 0.001

Regression results – overall effects

(1) (2) (3) (4)
SSI applications per 10K SSI recipients per 10K SNAP rate SSI rate
Panel A: Main Results
Any work requirement −0.002 (0.510) 0.333 (0.241) −0.000 (0.001) −0.004 (0.003)
Observations 408 408 408 408
Within R-squared 0.625 0.426 0.068 0.234
Standard R-squared 0.967 0.915 0.852 0.743
Mean 33.43 11.19 0.13 0.02
% Change from mean 0.0% 3.0% 0.0% −20.0%
Partial Eta-squared 0.000 0.007 0.008 0.000
90% Conf. interval 0 – 0.019 0 – 0.028 0 – 0.030 0 – 0.006
Panel B: Including State-Level Controls
Any work requirement −0.201 (0.500) 0.173 (0.185) 0.000 (0.001) −0.002 (0.003)
Observations 400 400 400 400
Within R-squared 0.700 0.552 0.110 0.329
Standard R-squared 0.974 0.938 0.858 0.774
% Change from mean −0.6% 1.5% 0.0% −10.0%
Partial Eta-squared 0.001 0.004 0.003 0.000
90% Conf. interval 0 – 0.013 0 – 0.022 0 – 0.020 0 – 0.007

Comparing outcomes for state-years with and without work requirements

FULL SAMPLE NO WR WR NO WR V. WR
Mean Std. Mean Std. Mean Std. p-Value
SSI applications per 10,000 33.43 13.97 38.10 0.98 27.69 0.78 <0.001
SSI recipients per 10,000 11.19 3.84 12.20 0.29 9.95 0.20 <0.001
SNAP recipiency 0.13 0.04 0.14 0.00 0.12 0.00 <0.001
SNAP recipiency – difficulty 0.29 0.09 0.31 0.01 0.27 0.01 <0.001
SNAP recipiency – low Income 0.32 0.08 0.34 0.01 0.29 0.01 <0.001
SSI recipiency 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.002
SSI recipiency – difficulty 0.22 0.07 0.23 0.00 0.20 0.00 <0.001
SSI recipiency – low income 0.06 0.03 0.07 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.276

Averaged coefficients by period from Callaway and Sant’Anna (2021) event studies

Period (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
SSI applications per 10K SSI recipients per 10K SNAP rate SSI rate SNAP rate - difficulty SNAP rate - low income SSI rate - difficulty SSI rate - low income
−7 −0.496 (1.176) −0.451 (0.743) 0.014*** (0.004) −0.002 (0.002) −0.020 (0.193) 0.0234* (0.012) 0.003 (0.035) 0.008 (0.006)
−6 0.883 (0.711) 0.174 (0.223) −0.006 (0.005) –0.001 (0.001) 0.020 (0.023) −0.013 (0.016) −0.044 (0.032) −0.016 (0.008)
−5 −0.467 (0.561) −0.005 (0.252) 0.008 (0.005) 0.001 (0.001) −0.006 (0.036) 0.004 (0.020) 0.024 (0.026) 0.014 (0.007)
−4 −0.414 (0.482) −0.032 (0.217) 0.007 (0.004) 0.000 (0.001) −0.033 (0.025) −0.005 (0.016) 0.020 (0.018) −0.001 (0.008)
−3 −0.233 (0.486) −0.242 (0.199) −0.005 (0.006) 0.000 (0.002) 0.006 (0.025) 0.002 (0.016) −0.006 (0.022) −0.001 (0.007)
−2 −0.004 (0.442) 0.353** (0.179) 0.000 (0.004) 0.000 (0.001) −0.006 (0.026) −0.004 (0.014) −0.016 (0.022) −0.009 (0.008)
−1 1.068 (1.112) 0.062 (0.334) −0.002 (0.005) −0.001 (0.001) −0.001 (0.023) −0.025 (0.019) 0.013 (0.020) 0.002 (0.007)
0 −0.027 (0.272) 0.161 (0.150) 0.001 (0.004) 0.000 (0.001) −0.002 (0.017) 0.011 (0.018) 0.018 (0.021) 0.009 (0.007)
1 0.459 (0.579) 0.102 (0.280) −0.001 (0.005) −0.001 (0.001) −0.045* (0.024) −0.039* (0.022) 0.002 (0.017) 0.005 (0.007)
2 1.693* (0.930) 0.375 (0.446) 0.003 (0.005) −0.002* (0.001) −0.070*** (0.024) −0.020 (0.020) −0.002 (0.020) −0.006 (0.006)
3 2.451* (1.325) 0.791 (0.662) 0.007 (0.006) −0.002 (0.002) −0.050 (0.031) −0.023 (0.028) −0.018 (0.030) −0.004 (0.012)
4 3.560* (1.861) 0.851 (0.995) 0.000 (0.008) 0.000 (0.001) −0.042 (0.044) −0.003 (0.037) 0.030 (0.028) −0.003 (0.008)
5 1.444 (1.970) 0.383 (0.940) −0.005 (0.011) −0.001 (0.001) −0.006 (0.043) −0.030 (0.043) 0.049* (0.028) 0.009 (0.013)
6 4.854 (3.471) 2.248 (2.673) 0.004 (0.013) −0.001 (0.002) −0.108* (0.056) −0.070 (0.043) 0.014 (0.048) −0.022 (0.014)

Weighted treatment – overall samples

Variables (1) (2) (3) (4)
SSI applications per 10K SSI recipients per 10K SNAP recipiency SSI recipiency
Any work requirement −0.002 (0.545) 0.333 (0.258) −0.005 (0.003) −0.000 (0.001)
Weighted by counties affected −1.125 (1.304) −0.271 (0.497) −0.013* (0.007) −0.001 (0.001)
Weighted by ABAWD population −1.985 (3.245) 0.311 (1.242) −0.037** (0.018) −0.002 (0.004)
Weighted by non-exempted ABAWD population −2.300 (3.090) 0.444 (1.237) −0.041** (0.019) −0.003 (0.004)

Weighted treatment – subgroups

Variables (1) (2) (3) (4)
SNAP rate - difficulty SNAP rate - low income SSI rate - difficulty SSI rate - low income
Any work requirement −0.013 (0.012) −0.007 (0.011) −0.001 (0.009) 0.004 (0.005)
Weighted by counties affected −0.030 (0.025) −0.015 (0.027) −0.010 (0.020) 0.006 (0.011)
Weighted by ABAWD population −0.081 (0.069) −0.054 (0.067) −0.019 (0.049) 0.013 (0.028)
Weighted by non-exempted ABAWD population −0.091 (0.075) −0.067 (0.069) −0.029 (0.052) 0.001 (0.029)
eISSN:
2193-8997
Langue:
Anglais
Périodicité:
Volume Open
Sujets de la revue:
Business and Economics, Political Economics, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy, Mathematics and Statistics for Economists, Econometrics
RSS Feed de la revue