Controls | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
Population | + health | + rurality | + inequality | Baseline | |
Autonomy | −2.68 | −2.45 | −2.69 | −2.65 | −2.53 |
Autonomy × MDI | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Population (10k) | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.18 | |
Health (registered) | −0.54 (0.45) | −0.55 (0.46) | −0.49 (0.43) | ||
Health (low BW) | −164.08 | −178.02 | −175.47 | ||
Rurality index | −5.19 | −4.05 | |||
Gini index | 1.52 | ||||
Gini index (land) | −0.50 (1.12) | ||||
Municipality FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 8,734 | 8,716 | 8,716 | 7,910 | 8,734 |
N groups | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 |
0.51 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.51 | |
Mean | 42.34 | 42.34 | 42.34 | 42.34 | 42.34 |
Central government | |||
---|---|---|---|
Set school curriculum | Set teacher wages | Set general guidelines | Financial transfers to local authorities |
Local authorities | |||
Up to 2002 (Law 60/1993) | From 2002 onward (Law 715/2001) | ||
Transfers: | 84% to department | Transfers: | 100% to municipality |
Teacher hiring, training and | Teacher hiring, training and | ||
placement | Departments and | placement | Municipality only |
Transfers: | 97% to department | ||
Teacher hiring, training and placement | Department only |
Period average | Over-time evolution | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
naïve | Baseline | 2002–2003 | 2004–2005 | 2006–2007 | 2008–2009 | 2010–2012 | |
Autonomy | −0.16 | −0.03 (0.20) | −0.08 (0.12) | −0.19 (0.48) | 0.11 (0.20) | −0.16 (0.26) | 0.13 (0.21) |
Autonomy × | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.01 | |
Municipality | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 8,734 | 8,734 | 2,742 | 2,665 | 2,707 | 2,705 | 3,367 |
N groups | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 |
R-sq. | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.57 |
IDM-specific trends | Department- | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
</> 40 | Tertiles | Quartiles | Quintiles | Baseline | Baseline | |
Autonomy | −1.58 | −1.71 | −1.66 | −1.67 | −2.53 | −2.53 |
Autonomy × MDI | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Municipality FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
IDM-specific | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
N | 8,734 | 8,734 | 8,734 | 8,734 | 8,734 | 8,734 |
N groups | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 |
0.53 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.51 | |
Mean | 42.34 | 42.34 | 42.34 | 42.34 | 42.34 | 42.34 |
(1) | (2) | |
---|---|---|
Naive | Baseline | |
y2000 × Aut. (× MDI) | −0.42 | −0.01 |
y2001 × Aut. (× MDI) | −0.33 (0.22) | −0.01 |
y2003 × Aut. (× MDI) | −0.31 | −0.01 |
y2004 × Aut. (× MDI) | −0.33 | −0.01 |
y2005 × Aut. (× MDI) | −0.14 (0.18) | 0.00 (0.00) |
y2006 × Aut. (× MDI) | 0.20 (0.31) | 0.00 (0.01) |
y2007 × Aut. (× MDI) | 0.02 (0.17) | 0.00 (0.00) |
y2008 × Aut. (× MDI) | 0.43 | 0.01 |
y2009 × Aut. (× MDI) | 0.68 | 0.01 |
y2010 × Aut. (× MDI) | 1.12 | 0.03 |
y2011 × Aut. (× MDI) | 1.11 | 0.03 |
y2012 × Aut. (× MDI) | 0.68 | 0.02 |
Municipality FE | Yes | Yes |
Time dummies | Yes | Yes |
N | 8,734 | 8,734 |
N groups | 692 | 692 |
0.51 | 0.51 | |
Mean | 42.34 | 42.34 |
High-D | Low-D | Difference (%) | N | N cities | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education finance | ||||||
Total spending | 1,175.24 (28.11) | 1,088.50 (61.19) | 86.74 (66.24) | (+8%) | 242 | 35 |
Salaries | 939.99 (21.00) | 861.49 (45.35) | 78.50 (49.41) | (+9%) | ||
Infrastructure and materials | 97.38 (6.44) | 109.75 (13.66) | −12.37 (15.10) | (−11%) | ||
Others | 87.18 (6.77) | 70.21 (13.12) | 16.97 (15.65) | (+24%) | ||
Student–teacher ratios | 27.33 (0.23) | 24.75 (0.36) | 2.58 | (+10%) | 145 | 35 |
Transfers received | 1,147.48 (48.92) | 1,130.76 (25.60) | 16.72 (60.20) | (+2%) | 334 | 35 |
Period average | Over-time evolution | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
naïve | Baseline | 2002–2003 | (2004–2007) | 2008–2009 | 2010–2012 | |
Autonomy | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.12 | 0.04 (0.07) | |
Autonomy × MDI | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 | 0.00 (0.00) | ||
Time dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
N | 6,088 | 6,088 | 2,742 | 2,705 | 3,367 | |
N groups | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | |
0.19 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.34 |
Period average | Over-time evolution | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
Naive | Baseline | 2002–2003 | 2004–2005 | 2006–2007 | 2008–2009 | 2010–2012 | |
Autonomy | 0.67 | −2.53 | −0.67 | −1.17* | −1.47 | −2.73 | −5.54 |
(0.21) | (0.87) | (0.62) | (0.67) | (0.70) | (1.00) | (1.44) | |
Autonomy × MDI | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03* | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.14 | |
(0.02) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.03) | ||
Municipality FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 8,734 | 8,734 | 2,742 | 2,665 | 2,707 | 2,705 | 3,367 |
N groups | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 |
0.51 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.77 | 0.69 | 0.44 | 0.44 | |
Mean | 42.34 | 42.34 | 41.33 | 41.54 | 42.69 | 41.89 | 42.41 |
All cities | Autonomous | Nonautonomous | |
---|---|---|---|
Test-related | |||
Test scores (pre-reform) | 41.44 (1.52) | 41.74 (1.34) | 41.42 (1.53) |
Test scores (postreform) | 42.51 (2.30) | 43.39 (2.35) | 42.46 (2.29) |
Number of test takers | 296.16 (483.57) | 1,839.40 (1,116.16) | 213.70 (214.11) |
Share of low-SES test takers | 0.88 (0.10) | 0.78 (0.11) | 0.87 (0.10) |
Municipal characteristics | |||
Municipal Development Index 2001 | 36.03 (10.81) | 50.67 (10.25) | 35.25 (10.27) |
Population in 2002 (thousands) | 36,834.28 (52,225.38) | 221,149.10 (106,137.50) | 26,855.00 (18,259.58) |
Subject | Period average | Over-time evolution | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
Naive | Baseline | 2002–2003 | 2004–2005 | 2006–2007 | 2008–2009 | 2010–2012 | |
Critical | |||||||
Autonomy | 0.28 | −0.56 (0.42) | −0.47 | −0.01 (0.78) | 0.33 (0.75) | 0.10 (0.59) | −2.13 |
Autonomy × MDI | 0.02 | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.06 | |
Sciences | |||||||
Autonomy | 0.21 | −0.58 | −0.65 (0.52) | −0.13 (0.38) | −0.06 (0.41) | −0.08 (0.39) | −1.65 |
Autonomy × MDI | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.04 | |
Time | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 8,734 | 8,734 | 2,742 | 2,665 | 2,707 | 2,705 | 3,367 |
N groups | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 | 692 |
0.74 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.40 | 0.65 |
Discontinuity samples | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
± 20,000 | ± 30,000 | ± 40,000 | ± 50,000 | Baseline | |
Autonomy | −6.25 | −3.15 | −2.65 | −2.45 | −2.53 |
Autonomy × MDI | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Municipality FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 294 | 473 | 740 | 1,086 | 8,734 |
N groups | 23 | 37 | 58 | 85 | 692 |
0.72 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.51 | |
Mean | 43.00 | 42.79 | 42.80 | 42.60 | 42.34 |