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Insights From the Last Year’s Atmospheric CO2 Measurements in the Urban Atmosphere and the Natural Ecosystem in Southern Poland

Barbara Sensuła
Barbara Sensuła
, 
Łukasz Chmura
Łukasz Chmura
, 
Jarosław Nęcki
Jarosław Nęcki
 et 
Mirosław Zimnoch
Mirosław Zimnoch
   | 18 mars 2024
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Publié en ligne: 18 mars 2024
Pages: 206 - 222
Reçu: 29 juin 2023
Accepté: 28 nov. 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/geochr-2023-0008
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© 2023 Barbara Sensuła et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig 1.

The locations of sampling sites in the urban areas (GL, KRK) and in the remote mountain background environment (KW). GL, Gliwice; KRK, Kraków; KW, Kasprowy Wierch.
The locations of sampling sites in the urban areas (GL, KRK) and in the remote mountain background environment (KW). GL, Gliwice; KRK, Kraków; KW, Kasprowy Wierch.

Fig 2.

Comparison of the air temperature fluctuation (average, minimal and maximal values) in Gliwice and Kraków since August 2022 until March 2023 (database: IMiGW, meteo.fis.agh.edu.pl, http://www.hydrowskaz.pl/).
Comparison of the air temperature fluctuation (average, minimal and maximal values) in Gliwice and Kraków since August 2022 until March 2023 (database: IMiGW, meteo.fis.agh.edu.pl, http://www.hydrowskaz.pl/).

Fig 3.

The contributions of biogenic components to the CO2 air mole fraction observed in Gliwice and Krakow for 2021, based on biospheric model simulation. The contributions from natural fluxes have been split into the uptake of CO2 by photosynthesis – bio.gee – and release of CO2 by respiration – bio.resp (data from https://stilt.icos-cp.eu/viewer/).
The contributions of biogenic components to the CO2 air mole fraction observed in Gliwice and Krakow for 2021, based on biospheric model simulation. The contributions from natural fluxes have been split into the uptake of CO2 by photosynthesis – bio.gee – and release of CO2 by respiration – bio.resp (data from https://stilt.icos-cp.eu/viewer/).

Fig 4.

The contributions of anthropogenic emissions from different sectors to the CO2 air mole fraction observed in Gliwice and Krakow for 2021 split into total fuel combustion (fuel) and emissions from different main source categories, including energy production (energy), industrial processes (industry), transportation (transport) and residential heating (res).
The contributions of anthropogenic emissions from different sectors to the CO2 air mole fraction observed in Gliwice and Krakow for 2021 split into total fuel combustion (fuel) and emissions from different main source categories, including energy production (energy), industrial processes (industry), transportation (transport) and residential heating (res).

Fig 5.

A calibration line for the CARBOCUP CO2 analyser.
A calibration line for the CARBOCUP CO2 analyser.

Fig 6.

Average diurnal changes of CO2 air mole fraction presented as the 2-h means in GL, KRK and KW from 1 August 2022 to 31 March 2023 and a variability of the results based on SD. GL, Gliwice; KRK, Kraków; KW, Kasprowy Wierch; SD, standard deviation.
Average diurnal changes of CO2 air mole fraction presented as the 2-h means in GL, KRK and KW from 1 August 2022 to 31 March 2023 and a variability of the results based on SD. GL, Gliwice; KRK, Kraków; KW, Kasprowy Wierch; SD, standard deviation.

Fig 7.

The monthly average of the CO2 air mole fraction in Gliwice, Kraków, and Kasprowy Wierch from 1 August 2022 to 31 March 2023.
The monthly average of the CO2 air mole fraction in Gliwice, Kraków, and Kasprowy Wierch from 1 August 2022 to 31 March 2023.

Fig 8.

An example of similarities and contrasts between the diurnal temperature and CO2 air mole fraction levels in the winter and summer seasons in urban areas (Gliwice and Kraków) compared to the mountain regional background site (Kasprowy Wierch) based on (A) day-to-day (B) hour-by-hour comparisons, respectively.
An example of similarities and contrasts between the diurnal temperature and CO2 air mole fraction levels in the winter and summer seasons in urban areas (Gliwice and Kraków) compared to the mountain regional background site (Kasprowy Wierch) based on (A) day-to-day (B) hour-by-hour comparisons, respectively.

Thermal conditions (minimal, maximal and mean air temperature) and mean value of the CO2 air mole fraction in Gliwice, Kraków, and Kasprowy Wierch from 1 August 2022 to 31 March 2023.

Gliwice Kraków Kasprowy Wierch
Air temperature, °C CO2, ppm Air temperature, °C CO2, ppm CO2, ppm
Min Max Mean SD Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
August 2022 11.86 35.12 21.3 4.7 437 35 11.9 33.8 21.2 4.2 437 29 407.0 5.7
September 2022 5.06 28.00 13.6 4.1 435 22 3.9 27.4 13.6 4.1 435 24 409.2 4.0
October 2022 1.28 23.00 12.3 3.9 451 33 1 25.2 12.0 4.4 458 34 409.6 4.8
November 2022 −7.90 16.94 4.5 4.8 459 19 −6.6 18 5.0 4.8 460 25 414.2 2.1
December 2022 −10.90 12.90 1.5 4.3 434 17 −12 13.6 1.3 4.3 453 21 415.6 3.0
January 2023 −4.00 15.60 3.8 3.5 437 13 −2.9 16.4 3.5 3.4 449 20 423.8 3.2
February 2023 −12.20 10.10 1.9 4.5 443 18 −10.6 11.4 2.3 4.3 442 14 423.6 2.0
March 2023 −6.70 18.00 5.1 5.5 438 15 −4.4 21.8 6.6 5.5 442 19 424.6 1.6
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