Diversity and management of homestead resources: The case of Sandwip Upazila, Chittagong, Bangladesh

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Medicinal species found in the homesteads of Sandwip Upazila_

Name	Scientific name	Use
Neem	Azadirachta Indica	Leaf, oil, seeds relieve skin problems; liver tonic, blood purifier
Arjun	Terminalia arjuna	Bark as heart tonic
Thankuni	Centella asiatica	Whole plant as memory booster, blood purifier
Basok	Justicia adhatoda	Leaf as cough remover
Tulsi	Ocimum tenuiflorum	Leaf, flower good for heart, blood, lungs, and cough
Pudina	Mentha spicata	Leaf for increasing digestion, preventing cold
Sajna	Moringa oleifera	Fruit, leaf for controlling blood pressure, preventing stroke
Papaya	Carica papaya	Fruit for curing ulcers, preventing cancer
Lemon	Citrus limon	Fruit, leaf for reducing cholesterol, as blood purifier, and for reducing vomiting
Ginger	Zingiber officinale	Rhizome, leaf for reducing nausea, sickness and vomiting

List of activities for management of homesteads by people_

Activities	Gender involvement (%)
	Male	Female	Both (male & female)	Both (male & children)	Both (female & children)	Children	Others
Seedling collection	30	13.33	40	16.66	-	-	-
Planting	31.11	22.22	20	17.77	8.88	-	-
Watering	22.22	38.88	33.33	5.55	-	-	-
Weeding	20	33.33	16.66	8.88	13.33	7.77	-
Fertilizing	50	11.11	13.33	15.55	10	-	-
Thinning	13.33	11.11	16.66	17.77	13.33	15.55	12.23
Pruning	12.23	10	13.33	20	14.44	8.88	22.22
Harvesting	23.23	13.33	15.55	38.8	5.55	3.33	-

Source of planting materials/ seedlings_

Aspects		Response (%)
Sources	Market/private nursery	52%
	Govt. nursery	14%
	Homestead forest	22%
	Neighbours, relatives, and others	12%

Vegetable species found in the homesteads of Sandwip Upazila_

All year	Summer vegetable	Winter vegetable Spices	Spices
Carica papaya	Trichosanthes anguina	Dolichos lablab	Capsicum annum
Colocasia indica	Abelmoschuses culentus	Vigna sinensis	Curcuma longa
Dioscorea alata	Basella rubra	Legenaria siceraria	Zingiber officinalis
-	Luffa acutangula	Cucurbita maxima	-
-	Cucumis sativus	-	-
-	Momordica charantea	-	-
-	M. cochinchinensis	-	-

Diversity and density analysis of the fruit and timber species in Sandwip Upazila_

Parameters	Total	Based on union
		Maitbhanga	Sarikait
No. of species (S)	57	57	57
No. of individuals (N)	9255	4833	4422
Shannon-Wiener Index of Diversity (H)	3.32	3.30	3.32
Diversity Index (D)	0.006	0.011	0.012
Index of Dominance (ID)	0.06	0.06	0.06
Species Richness Index (R)	14.12	15.20	15.36
Species Evenness Index (E)	1.89	1.88	1.89

Distribution of income of homestead (BDT/ year) according to farm category_

Category of household	Timber species (BDT)	Fuel (BDT)	Fruit (BDT)	Bamboo (BDT)	Fish (BDT)	Total (BDT)
Small	4287	1183.66	2533.34	1149	4304	13457
Medium	5313	2179	3750	1940	4375	17557
Large	7750	3489	4500	2465	6500	24700
Average (Tk)	5783.33	2283.88	3594.45	1851.33	5059.66	55714

Types of crops with major tree species in Sandwip Upazila_

Tree species	Vegetables grown under trees	Creeper Vegetables Grown Using Trees as Trails
Am	Aroids, amaranthus, spinach, turmeric, ginger	Bitter guard, sponge gourd
Kathal	Pineapple, chili, turmeric, aroids	Country bean, ribbed gourd
Koroi	Aroids	-
Narikel	Aroids, spinach, turmeric	-
Mahogany	Spinach, ginger	Country bean, yam
Supari	Turmeric, pineapple	Yam, country bean

Families with number of Species observed in the study area_

SI.	Family name	No. of species (n)
1	Anacardiaceae	3
2	Annonaceae	4
3	Arecaceae	2
4	Averrhoaceae	1
5	Caricaceae	1
6	Casuarinaceae	1
7	Combretaceae	2
8	Dilleniaceae	1
9	Ebenaceae	1
10	Elaeocarpaceae	1
11	Euphorbiaceae	2
12	Leguminosae	9
13	Guttiferae	1
14	Lamiaceae	1
15	Lythraceae	1
16	Malvaceae	1
17	Meliaceae	2
18	Mimosaceae	1
19	Moraceae	3
20	Moringaceae	1
21	Musaceae	1
22	Myrtaceae	4
23	Oxalidaceae	1
24	Rhamnaceae	1
25	Rosaceae	1
26	Rubiaceae	1
27	Rutaceae	5
28	Sapindaceae	1

Fruit and timber species of homesteads and their uses, occurrence, and density_

Local name	Scientific name	Family	Major uses	Total	Based on union
					Maitbhanga (%)		Sarikait (%)
				F (%)	RD (%)	F	RD	F	RD
Supari	Areca catechu	Annonaceae	Fruit	98.89	14.18	100	15.64	97.78	12.57
Narikel	Cocos nucifera	Arecaceae	Fruit, fuel wood	96.67	9.68	95.56	9.21	97.78	10.20
Raintree/ fulkoroi	Albizia saman	Leguminosae	Timber, fuel wood	93.33	9.11	97.78	9.00	86.67	9.23
Am	Mangifera indica	Anacardiaceae	Fruit, timber	93.33	6.85	93.33	6.52	93.33	7.21
Silkoroi/ sadakoroi	Albizia procera	Leguminosae	Timber, fuel wood	72.22	6.14	73.33	5.94	71.11	6.35
Kala koroi/ sherish	Albizia lebbeck	Leguminosae	Timber	62.22	4.04	51.11	3.91	73.33	4.18
Akashmoni	Acacia auriculiformis	Leguminosae	Timber	74.44	3.77	71.11	3.41	77.78	4.16
Mahagoni	Swietenia mahagoni	Meliaceae	Timber	84.44	3.37	84.44	3.50	84.44	3.23
Kathal	Artocarpus heterophyllus	Moraceae	Fruit, fodder, Timber	78.89	3.12	77.78	2.67	80.00	3.62
Papaya	Carica papaya	Caricaceae	Fruit	84.44	3.10	84.44	2.79	84.44	3.44
Kola	Musa sapientum	Musaceae	Fruit	48.89	2.27	48.89	2.23	48.89	2.31
Peyara	Psidium guajava	Myrtaceae	Fruit	82.22	2.19	84. .00	1.97	82.80	2.44
Tentul	Tamarindus indica	Leguminosae	Fruit, fuel wood	84.44	2.00	82.22	1.97	86.67	2.04
Kafla	-	-	Fuel wood, fence	74.44	1.84	77.78	1.90	71.11	1.76
Mandar	Erythrina indica	Leguminosae	Fuel wood, fence	75.55	1.78	75.56	1.68	75.56	1.90
Gojom	-	-	Fuel wood	66.67	1.73	62.22	1.76	71.11	1.70
Boroi	Ziziphus jujuba Mill.	Rhamnaceae	Fruit, fuel wood, fence	75.56	1.69	77.78	2.69	73.33	0.59
Pundal	-	-	Fuel wood	66.66	1.62	66.67	1.63	66.67	1.61
Gab	Diospyros peregrina	Ebenaceae	Fruit, pole	62.22	1.55	53.33	1.78	71.11	1.29
Amra	Spondias pinnata	Anacardiaceae	Fruit	52.22	1.38	53.33	1.34	51.11	1.42
Gamar	Gmelina arborea	Lamiaceae	Timber	28.89	1.33	31.11	1.37	26.67	1.29
Jam	Syzygium cumini	Myrtaceae	Fruit, timber	66.67	1.24	75.56	1.20	57.78	1.29
Lebu	Citrus limon	Rutaceae	Fruit	74.44	1.21	75.56	1.43	73.33	0.97
Dumur	Ficus hispida	Moraceae	Fruit, fuel wood	74.44	1.21	73.33	1.34	75.56	1.06
Badam	Terminalia catappa	Combretaceae	Fruit, fuel wood	74.44	1.06	75.56	1.03	73.33	1.09
Tal	Borassus flabellifer	Annonaceae	Fruit, pole	51.11	0.95	53.33	0.97	48.89	0.93
Simul	Bombax ceiba	Malvaceae	Cotton, fuel wood, timber	53.33	0.95	53.33	0.95	53.33	0.95
Bhadi	Lannea coromandelica	Anacardiaceae	Fuelwood	36.67	0.93	37.78	0.93	35.56	0.93
Khejur	Phoenix dactylifera	Arecaceae	Fruit, fence	35.56	0.80	35.56	0.72	35.56	0.88
Kamranga	Averrhoa carambola L.	Oxalidaceae	Fruit	42.22	0.76	46.67	0.79	37.78	0.72
Jambura	Citrus maxima	Rutaceae	Fruit	35.56	0.68	37.78	0.62	33.33	0.75
Dewa	Artocarpus lacucha	Moraceae	Fruit	26.67	0.61	28.89	0.46	24.44	0.77
Litchi	Litchi chinensis	Sapindaceae	Fruit	38.89	0.57	40.00	0.54	37.78	0.61
Neem	Azadirachta Indica	Meliaceae	Medicinal	51.11	0.53	51.11	0.56	51.11	0.50
Bandarlathi	Cassia fistula	Leguminosae	Timber, fuel wood	15.56	0.43	17.78	0.41	13.33	0.45
Amloki	Phyllanthus emblica L.	Euphorbiaceae	Fruit	31.11	0.42	31.11	0.43	31.11	0.41
Jamrul	Syzygium samarangense	Myrtaceae	Fruit	33.33	0.41	35.56	0.39	31.11	0.43
Jhau	Casuarina equisetifolia	Casuarinaceae	Fuel wood	13.33	0.38	11.11	0.29	15.56	0.47
Kodom	Neolamarckia cadamba	Rubiaceae	Fuel wood	26.67	0.37	24.44	0.35	28.89	0.38
Belumbo	Averrhoa bilimbi	Averrhoaceae	Fruit	32.22	0.35	33.33	0.33	31.11	0.36
Jalpai	Elaeocarpus fioribundus	Elaeocarpaceae	Fruit	28.89	0.30	31.11	0.31	26.67	0.30
Bel	Aegle marmelos	Rutaceae	Fruit	26.67	0.30	26.67	0.29	26.67	0.32
Arboroi	Cicca acida	Euphorbiaceae	Fruit, fuel wood	28.89	0.30	26.67	0.29	31.11	0.32
Babla	Acacia niotica.	Mimosaceae	Fuel wood, fence	18.89	0.30	20.00	0.31	17.78	0.29
Krishnochura	Delonix regia	Leguminosae	Fuelwood	24.44	0.27	24.44	0.27	24.44	0.27
Dalim	Punica granatum	Lythraceae	Fruit	21.11	0.26	22.22	0.25	20.00	0.27
Sofeda	Annona squamosa L.	Annonaceae	Fruit	17.78	0.22	17.78	0.27	17.78	0.23
Ata	Annona reticulata	Annonaceae	Fruit	18.89	0.22	17.78	0.21	20.00	0.23
Sajna	Moringao leifera	Moringaceae	Fruit, fuel wood	11.11	0.18	11.11	0.21	11.11	0.16
Arjun	Terminalia arjuna	Combretaceae	Medicinal	13.33	0.17	13.33	0.17	13.33	0.18
Kau	Garcinia cowa Roxb.	Guttiferae	Fruit	16.67	0.16	17.78	0.17	15.56	0.16
Sissoo	Dalbergia sissoo	Leguminosae	Timber, fodder	14.44	0.16	15.56	0.17	13.33	0.16
Chalta	Dillenia indica	Dilleniaceae	Fruit	15.56	0.15	13.33	0.12	17.78	0.18
Kodbel	Feronia limonia	Rutaceae	Fruit	13.33	0.13	8.89	0.10	17.78	0.16
Malta	Citrus limetta	Rutaceae	Fruit	11.11	0.13	11.11	0.12	11.11	0.14
Apple	Malus domestica	Rosaceae	Fruit	7.78	0.08	6.67	0.06	8.89	0.09
Golabjam	Eugenia jambos L.	Myrtaceae	Fruit	6.67	0.08	8.89	0.08	4.44	0.07