Entrepreneurship training: its influences on innovation potentials among nursing students

Differences between mean scores of nursing students’ skills related to creative thinking and energy pre- and post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_

Items	Pre		Post		Mean difference		P-value
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Creative thinking
I would like my lessons to involve lots of different creative activities.	2.2	0.7	4.4	0.9	2.2	0.2	0.000*
I prefer lessons that involve different activities rather than just sitting at my desk.	2.2	0.6	4.5	0.7	2.3	0.1	0.000*
I feel proud when I’ve designed something myself and made it.	2.7	0.5	4.7	0.6	2.0	0.1	0.000*
I like doing things that are very practical.	3.8	0.6	4.5	0.6	0.7	0.0	0.000*
The subjects at faculty give me the freedom to express my own ideas.	1.3	0.5	3.2	1.2	1.9	0.7	0.000*
The subjects I’m studying at faculty require my imagination/creative thinking.	1.6	0.6	3.5	1.0	1.9	0.4	0.000*
I can come up with something new that will benefit others.	1.9	0.7	4.2	0.7	2.3	0.0	0.000*
I like to develop new strategies for helping ideas become realities.	1.5	0.6	4.0	0.9	2.5	0.3	0.000*
I enjoy being asked to come up with new ideas and solutions for problems.	1.7	0.8	4.5	0.6	2.8	−0.2	0.000*
I frequently introduce new ideas to improve the situations.	1.6	0.8	4.1	0.8	2.5	0.0	0.000*
I use trial and error for problem solving.	1.6	0.5	4.3	0.8	2.7	0.3	0.000*
I ask “Why?” and “Why not?” and “What if?” with a purpose.	1.6	0.6	4.4	0.7	2.8	0.1	0.000*
I show inventiveness in using resources.	1.6	0.6	3.9	1.0	2.3	0.4	0.000*
I search out new working methods, techniques, or instruments.	1.7	0.6	4.2	0.7	2.5	0.1	0.000*
Energy
It is energizing when you are given rewards for good work.	4.5	0.6	4.5	0.7	0.0	0.1	1.000
I feel really motivated when I produce something that no one else has.	4.3	0.7	4.8	0.4	0.5	−0.3	0.001*
I feel really enthusiastic about my chosen subjects.	2.0	0.7	3.6	1.2	1.6	0.5	0.000*
I really push myself to achieve good grades.	2.8	0.7	4.5	0.6	1.7	−0.1	0.000*
I like to do something that has a purpose or goal.	3.1	0.6	4.6	0.6	1.5	0.0	0.000*

Differences between mean scores of nursing students’ skills related to facing self-efficacy, risk propensity, and teamwork pre- and post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_

Items	Pre		Post		Mean difference		P-value
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Self-efficacy
I like to pursue my interests outside college where I feel more in control.	2.9	0.6	4.4	0.8	1.5	0.2	0.000*
Once I start something, I like to finish it.	3.0	0.7	4.4	0.8	1.4	0.1	0.000*
I would join a club/interest group independently of my friends if it was something I really wanted to do.	2.5	0.6	4.5	0.6	2.0	0.0	0.000*
Communicate your ideas using media other than a written paper (e.g., posters, video, blogs, etc.)	1.8	0.7	4.1	0.9	2.3	0.2	0.000*
Answer questions in front of an audience.	2.0	0.8	4.1	0.7	2.1	−0.1	0.000*
I like to experiment with different approaches to completing the same task.	2.4	0.6	4.1	0.8	1.7	0.2	0.000*
I go beyond expectations in the assignment, task, or job description without being asked.	1.7	0.7	4.1	0.8	2.4	0.1	0.000*
Risk propensity
When I make choices, I want to be as sure as possible what the future consequences will be for me.	1.5	0.6	3.8	0.8	2.3	0.2	0.000*
I feel I can overcome problems.	1.7	0.7	3.9	0.8	2.2	0.1	0.000*
I take the risk to participate in activities without fear of not getting good grades at college.	1.5	0.6	3.5	1.1	2.0	0.5	0.000*
I take an acceptable level of risk to support new ideas.	1.5	0.5	3.9	0.8	2.4	0.3	0.000*
Teamwork
I’m attentive when others are speaking and respond effectively to others’ comments during the conversation.	1.7	0.8	4.1	0.7	2.4	−0.1	0.000*
I identify sources of conflict between oneself and others, and take steps to overcome disharmony.	1.6	0.7	4.3	0.6	2.7	−0.1	0.000*
Try to build relationships with other people/organization to share timely information and experience.	1.5	0.6	4.2	0.8	2.7	0.2	0.000*
I provide constructive feedback, cooperation, coaching, or help to team colleagues.	2.0	0.8	4.4	0.7	2.4	−0.1	0.000*
Persist in my relationship after the task is finished.	2.0	0.9	4.1	0.9	2.1	0.0	0.000*

Differences between mean scores of nursing students’ total innovation skills pre- and post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_

Items	Pre		Post		Max score	Mean percentage	P-value
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Creativity	27.0	2.7	58.3	7.0	70.0	83.2	0.000*
Leadership	18.2	2.4	33.1	4.3	40.0	82.7	0.000*
Energy (Motivation)	16.8	1.5	22.0	2.2	25.0	88.0	0.000*
Self-efficacy	16.1	1.6	29.7	3.9	35.0	84.8	0.000*
Risk-propensity	6.2	1.6	15.1	2.8	20.0	75.5	0.000*
Facing challenges	8.5	2.0	20.4	3.0	25.0	81.6	0.000*
Teamwork	8.7	1.8	21.1	2.6	25.0	84.4	0.000*
Total innovation skills	101.4	7.4	199.9	21.9	240.0	83.2	0.000*

Differences between mean scores of nursing students’ skills related to confidence in projects management pre- and post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_

Items	Pre		Post		Mean difference		P-value
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
I trust in my abilities to start a project by myself and run it in the future.	1.4	0.5	4.2	0.8	2.8	0.3	0.000*
I trust to develop my idea/project.	1.4	0.5	4.2	0.8	2.8	0.3	0.000*
Determine the user’s needs and market the product/service.	1.4	0.5	4.0	0.9	2.6	0.4	0.000*
I search myself for competitors in the labor market.	1.2	0.4	3.8	0.8	2.6	0.4	0.000*
I know how to present my ideas and service to the community.	1.4	0.5	4.0	0.6	2.6	0.1	0.000*
Able to find ‘methods’ to market ideas/ services.	1.4	0.5	3.8	0.8	2.4	0.3	0.000*
Able to design a financial budget for my project/service.	1.1	0.3	3.7	0.8	2.6	0.5	0.000*
Able to manage the project.	1.0	0.2	4.0	0.7	3.0	0.5	0.000*
Able to identify the strengths/weaknesses of the project.	1.4	0.5	4.2	0.6	2.8	0.1	0.000*
Total project management score	11.7	2.0	36.0	4.6	24.3	2.6	0.006*

Frequency and percentage distribution of total level of nursing students’ innovation skills pre- and post-implementation of entrepreneurship training (N = 42)_

Level of innovation skills	Pre		Post
	No	%	No	%
Low (<50%)	42	100	0	0.0
Moderate (50% to <75%)	0	0.0	6	14.4
High (75%–100%)	0	0.0	36	85.7

Frequency and percentage distribution of total level of nursing students’ innovative projects post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_

Innovative projects assessment categories	No	%
Good	14	33.3
Very good	16	38.1
Excellent	12	28.6

Demographic characteristics of the study subjects (N = 42)_

Students’ characteristics	No.	%
Age (mean ± SD)	21.8 ± 1.6	Min–max (19–24)
Gender
Male	10	23.8
Female	32	76.2
Class
First	1	2.4
Second	10	23.8
Third	1	2.4
Fourth	5	11.9
Internship	25	59.5
Preferred color
White	9	21.4
Black	16	38.1
Green	3	7.1
Blue	9	21.4
Red	5	12.0
Yellow	0	0.0

Mean scores of nursing students’ innovative projects post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_

Items	Mean	SD	Rank
Problem definition/market need	4.3	1.0	4
Approach and value proposition	4.4	1.0	3
Using of technology	3.2	1.3	7
Prototype	3.0	1.4	9
Market analysis	3.8	1.0	6
Benefits and competition	4.3	1.0	4
Business model	3.1	0.8	8
Financial plan	2.8	0.8	10
Teamwork	5.0	0.1	1
Pitching	5.0	0.1	1
Total project assessment score	38.7	3.8

Differences between mean scores of nursing students’ skills related to facing challenges and leadership pre- and post-implementation of entrepreneurship training_

Items	Pre		Post		Mean difference		P-value
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Facing challenges
Persist towards achieving long-term goals, even after experiencing setbacks.	1.9	0.7	4.2	0.7	2.3	0.0	0.000*
Respond effectively to unexpected challenges that arise when working on projects.	1.6	0.7	4.0	0.7	2.4	0.0	0.000*
Pursue a goal even after someone has told me it will be difficult to achieve.	1.5	0.7	4.1	0.8	2.6	0.1	0.000*
I find interests in facing challenges and difficulties to achieve goals.	1.7	0.8	4.1	0.7	2.4	−0.1	0.000*
Challenge a classmate’s suggestions for how to solve a problem.	1.8	0.7	4.0	0.8	2.2	0.1	0.000*
Leadership
I really like being leader of a group.	1.8	0.7	4.0	0.9	2.2	0.2	0.000*
Project work gives me the chance to take a leading role in the group.	3.2	1.1	4.3	0.6	1.1	−0.5	0.000*
When working in a group I do my best to persuade the others to take up my ideas.	2.0	0.8	4.2	0.9	2.2	0.1	0.000*
I am often chosen to be the team leader or captain of my team.	3.2	1.2	4.0	0.8	0.8	−0.4	0.001*
My friends follow my suggestions when they can’t make up their minds.	2.1	0.8	4.1	0.7	2.0	−0.1	0.000*
Working as part of a group with people who have different skill sets from my own.	2.2	0.8	4.5	0.7	2.3	−0.1	0.000*
Working on a team with people whom I am meeting for the first time.	1.9	0.8	4.1	1.0	2.2	0.2	0.000*
Explaining my rationale for making a decision to others.	1.8	0.8	4.0	1.0	2.2	0.2	0.000*