Accès libre

Changes in various secondary metabolites by crossing modern rose cultivars

Nina Kunc
Nina Kunc
, 
Metka Hudina
Metka Hudina
, 
Gregor Osterc
Gregor Osterc
 et 
Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek
Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek
   | 04 juin 2024
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Article Category: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Publié en ligne: 04 juin 2024
Pages: 161 - 185
Reçu: 16 févr. 2024
Accepté: 18 avr. 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2024-0010
Mots clés
© 2024 Nina Kunc et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Rose hips of cultivar ‘Single Cherry’.
Rose hips of cultivar ‘Single Cherry’.

Figure 2.

Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of R. pendulina and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences within the analysed groups.
Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of R. pendulina and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences within the analysed groups.

Figure 3.

Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of R. spinosissima and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between genotypes, separately for flesh with skin and seed.
Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of R. spinosissima and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between genotypes, separately for flesh with skin and seed.

Figure 4.

Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of R. gallica and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between analysed genotypes, separately for flesh with skin and seed.
Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of R. gallica and its cultivars in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between analysed genotypes, separately for flesh with skin and seed.

Figure 5.

Hierarchical cluster analysis of the content of total phenolic compounds in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right) for all 12 analysed rose hips.
Hierarchical cluster analysis of the content of total phenolic compounds in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right) for all 12 analysed rose hips.

Figure 6.

Hierarchical cluster analysis for the total content of cyanidin-3-glucoside in flesh with skin for all 12 analysed rose hips.
Hierarchical cluster analysis for the total content of cyanidin-3-glucoside in flesh with skin for all 12 analysed rose hips.

Contents ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of flavanols, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of R. spinosissima and its cultivars ‘Poppins’. ‘Single Cherry’, ‘Frühlingsmorgen and ‘Frühlingsduft’.

Phenolic group Compound R. spinosissima ‘Poppins’ ‘Single Cherry’ ‘Frühlingsmorgen’ ‘Frühlingsduft’
Flavanols Procyanidin dimer 1 FS 624.11 ± 198.54 ab 298.81 ± 181.73 a 555.59 ± 299.72 ab 464.99 ± 133.42 ab 783.54 ± 259.96 b
S 227.30 ± 24.41 a 81.38 ± 29.51 a 255.06 ± 95.24 a 80.01 ± 32.60 a 55.44 ± 11.35 a
Procyanidin dimer 2 FS 3.51 ± 1.03 a 12.43 ± 3.87 a 22.89 ± 13.01 a 28.63 ± 15.16 a 63.69 ± 19.93 b
S 8.42 ± 2.19 a 13.44 ± 6.16 ab 23.68 ± 3.25 b 18.36 ± 3.65 ab 17.15 ± 2.19 ab
Procyanidin dimer 3 FS 48.05 ± 19.78 a 140.32 ± 47.71 a 168.86 ± 91.75 a 480.38 ± 152.04 b 1050.27 ± 352.29 c
S 6.68 ± 1.41 a 11.14 ± 5.69 a 41.10 ± 18.87 b 2.34 ± 0.71 a 0.02 ± 0.01 a
Procyanidin dimer 4 FS 763.20 ± 258.03 a 915.33 ± 224.39 a 2263.83 ± 938.62 b 2798.91 ± 798.77 b 898.13 ± 244.72 a
S 0.10 ± 0.08 a 0.56 ± 0.08 a 2.05 ± 0.63a 1.39 ± 0.92 a 0.25 ± 0.03 a
Procyanidin dimer 5 FS 358.04 ± 102.45 a 205.18 ± 107.08 a 37604.18 ± 1,103.86 b 1054.83 ± 552.07 a 1314.54 ± 365.47 a
S 58.22 ± 13.54 ab 228.32 ± 81.51 be 276.98 ± 63.31 c 45.48 ± 28.73 ab 37.76 ± 11.24 a
Procyanidin trimer 1 FS 22.79 ± 6.98 a 42.67 ± 17.42 a 75.56 ± 23.37 ab 174.64 ± 69.58 be 197.24 ± 47.38 c
S 2.76 ± 1.85 a 4.23 ± 1.27 a 11.61 ± 4.62 a 4.01 ± 0.55 a 39.18 ± 12.05 a
Procyanidin trimer 2 FS 556.081 ± 176.26 a 679.47 ± 209.38 a 742.12 ± 208.39 a 1055.67 ± 506.25 ab 2052.13 ± 554.44 b
S 2.86 ± 0.37 a 1.79 ± 0.39 a 3.24 ± 0.34 a 2.65 ± 0.39 a 1.84 ± 0.74 a
Procyanidin trimer 3 FS - - - - -
S 0.18 ± 0.08 a 1.12 ± 0.55 b 1.95 ± 0.45 c 0.20 ± 0.13 a 0.59 ± 0.35 ab
Procyanidin trimer 4 FS - - - - -
S 2.02 ± 1.06 a 2.19 ± 0.74 a 18.94 ± 8.71 a 0.39 ± 0.13 a 0.20 ± 0.05 a
Procyanidin trimer 5 FS - - - - -
S 48.91 ± 22.31 a 81.68 ± 37.21 a 385.93 ± 145.92 b 158.45 ± 54.04 ab 262.84 ± 107.92 ab
Procyanidin trimer 6 FS - - - - -
S 229.27 ± 53.28 a 14.59 ± 6.35 a 412.32 ± 201.98 a 160.1 ± 29.86 a 223.18 ± 54.41 a
Procyanidin trimer 7 FS - - - - -
S 33.15 ± 16.38 a 10.23 ± 4.68 a 221.00 ± 39.87 b 367.28 ± 141.91 c 24.47 ± 11.54 a
Catechin FS 291.77 ± 198.25 a 741.39 ± 129.03 ab 1312.92 ± 232.34 b 2061.68 ± 538.86 c 2661.29 ± 1,092.08 c
S 0.99 ± 0.16 a 0.19 ± 0.11 a 13.85 ± 6.13 a 0.36 ± 0.06 a 8.62 ± 2.38 a
Epicatechin FS 22.50 ± 9.45 a 72.69 ± 22.79 a 133.85 ± 56.90 a 147.96 ± 43.96 a 572.56 ± 141.82 b
S 68.71 ± 24.04 a 125.08 ± 69.71 a 357.15 ± 150.65 a 63.36 ± 28.62 a 243.87 ± 91.14 a
PA dimer diglycoside FS 70.35 ± 25.89 a 416.42 ± 152.89 ab 936.35 ± 233.66 c 288.22 ± 97.93 ab 711.98 ± 275.98b c
S - - - - -
Dimer PA monogallate 1 FS 93.11 ± 26.05 a 90.20 ± 20.35 a 275.26 ± 91.79 a 1249.47 ± 375.94 c 695.19 ± 197.06 b
S 50.32 ± 19.32 ab 251.82 ± 45.83 ab 609.44 ± 375.15 b 18.59 ± 9.07 a 24.86 ± 5.28 a
Dimer PA monogallate 2 FS 17.49 ± 5.07 a 45.06 ± 10.09 a 259.42 ± 152.15 b 702.67 ± 241.54 c 282.55 ± 96.08 b
S 108.72 ± 71.27 b 212.20 ± 120.85 c 31.19 ± 7.92 a 54.03 ± 21.29 ab 59.21 ± 17.11 ab
PA dimer monoglycoside 1 FS 76.49 ± 17.98 a 229.59 ± 95.48 a 1112.50 ± 237.81 b 1073.39 ± 240.35 b 1076.45 ± 370.16 b
S 32.05 ± 19.62 a 54.09 ± 19.43 ac 90.34 ± 25.06 c 44.93 ± 18.06 ab 74.17 ± 24.03 be
PA dimer monoglycoside 2 FS 7.53 ± 2.94 a 21.48 ± 6.29 ab 38.04 ± 14.92 b 46.66 ± 19.84 b 94.82 ± 34.82 c
S - - - - -
Total FS 2955.02 ± 1,048.70 a 3911.04 ± 1,168.50 a 45501.37 ± 3,698.29 a 11628.10 ± 3,767.71 a 12409.38 ± 4,052.19 a
S 880.66 ± 271.37 a 1094.05 ± 430.07 a 2753.88 ± 1,148.10 a 1021.98 ± 370.72 a 1073.65 ± 351.82 a
Flavanols Quercetin galloyl hexoside 1 FS 1.30 ± 0.31 a 1.83 ± 0.32 a 4.64 ± 1.91 a 11.58 ± 2.91 ab 19.59 ± 3.49 b
S - - - - -
Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2 FS 0.47 ± 0.16 a 1.15 ± 0.11 a 1.28 ± 0.25 a 11.29 ± 3.31 b 18.16 ± 5.36 c
S - - - - -
Quercetin-3-rutinoside FS 3.00 ± 0.82 a 5.90 ± 2.58 a 6.59 ± 3.28 a 54.20 ± 20.12 b 55.04 ± 23.59 b
S 41.41 ± 27.05 a 7.48 ± 3.17 a 25.32 ± 7.31 a 1.71 ± 0.73 a 3.10 ± 0.32 a
Quercetin-3-galactoside FS 4.01 ± 1.45 a 24.63 ± 2.67 b 17.86 ± 3.02 ab 42.85 ± 25.98 c 18.08 ± 3.66 ab
S 27.95 ± 13.64 a 18.84 ± 2.38 a 27.20 ± 10.97 a 20.98 ± 10.47 a 42.11 ± 27.04 a
Quercetin-3-glucoside FS 3.77 ± 0.36 a 23.19 ± 2.46 a 10.26 ± 1.39 a 215.75 ± 124.74 b 16.66 ± 7.22 a
S - - - - -
Kaempferol hexoside 1 FS 0.25 ± 0.02 a 1.47 ± 0.16 a 0.65 ± 0.09 a 16.05 ± 8.16 b 5.11 ± 3.51 a
S 3.06 ± 0.87 a 2.38 ± 0.65 a 2.08 ± 0.71 a 3.16 ± 1.25 a 1.53 ± 0.56 a
Kaempferol hexoside 2 FS - - - - -
S 0.68 ± 0.32 a 0.28 ± 0.09 a 0.27 ± 0.11 a 0.31 ± 0.15 a 0.51 ± 0.14 a
Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 1 FS 4.27 ± 2.49 a 14.55 ± 6.21 a 98.34 ± 9.59 ab 28.39 ± 9.92 a 163.59 ± 30.02 b
S - - - - -
Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 2 FS 16.96 ± 2.45 a 17.04 ± 1.28 a 69.32 ± 13.22 a 322.74 ± 104.80 b 265.37 ± 145.39 b
S - - - - -
Quercetin-3-glucuronide FS 5.68 ± 2.02 a 13.77 ± 1.21 a 93.04 ± 12.50 be 28.43 ± 14.36 ab 140.96 ± 60.34 c
S 21.26 ± 12.89 a 3.12 ± 0.57 b 22.71 ± 10.52 a 0.29 ± 0.12 c 0.32 ± 0.14 c
Quercetin-3-arabinopyranoside FS 0.003 ± 0.001 a 0.01 ± 0.001 a 0.06 ± 0.01 ab 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.13 ± 0.04 b
S 0.77 ± 0.09 a 0.13 ± 0.02 a 0.94 ± 0.45 a 0.01 ± 0.004 a 0.003 ± 0.001 a
Quercetin-3-arabinofuranoside FS 0.57 ± 0.25 a 0.97 ± 0.23 a 0.75 ± 0.16 a 4.91 ± 0.96 b 2.36 ± 0.69 ab
S 1.54 ± 0.31 b 0.96 ± 0.17 ab 0.84 ± 0.41 ab 0.76 ± 0.48 ab 0.27 ± 0.09 a
Isorhamnetin-3-rhamnoside FS 0.31 ± 1.20 a 0.79 ± 0.06 b 0.29 ± 0.05 a 0.31 ± 0.04 a 0.72 ± 0.19 ab
S 1.26 ± 0.20 ac 1.58 ± 0.14b c 0.62 ± 0.29 a 1.85 ± 0.29 c 0.71 ± 0.17 ab
Isorhanmetin-3-hexoside FS 0.52 ± 0.12 a 1.25 ± 0.11 ab 1.20a ± 0.12 b 2.61 ± 0.36 b 4.44 ± 1.54 c
S 0.21 ± 0.03 a 0.32 ± 0.03 a 0.13 ± 0.06 a 0.32 ± 0.06 a 0.25 ± 0.06 a
Isorhamnetin pentoside 1 FS 4.28 ± 1.20 a 6.15 ± 1.45 a 4.78 ± 1.03 a 244.12 ± 120.95 a 34.07 ± 16.96 a
S 7.58 ± 1.19 a 5.88 ± 2.00 a 8.41 ± 5.20 a 4.59 ± 2.41 a 2.26 ± 0.31 a
Isorhamnetin pentoside 2 FS 3.98 ± 1.21 a 10.80 ± 0.87 ab 3.94 ± 0.69 a 4.99 ± 0.89 a 22.64 ± 7.04 b
S 0.19 ± 0.03 a 0.07 ± 0.01 a 0.25 ± 0.14 a 0.07 ± 0.02 a 0.24 ± 0.02 a
Quercetin-3-rhamnoside FS 7.36 ± 1.23 a 15.89 ± 1.38 a 15.31 ± 1.52 a 25.60 ± 6.10 ab 47.39 ± 12.41 b
S - - - - -
Quercetin-acetylhexoside FS 0.36 ± 0.06 ab 0.78 ± 0.06 b 0.29 ± 0.05 a 0.32 ± 0.03 a 0.46 ± 0.18 ab
S 0.05 ± 0.009 a 0.10 ± 0.05 a 0.11 ± 0.06 a 0.02 ± 0.006 a 0.19 ± 0.07 a
Quercetin galloyl pentoside 1 FS 0.28 ± 0.06 a 0.52 ± 0.04 a 0.19 ± 0.03 a 0.62 ± 0.33 a 0.39 ± 0.08a
S - - - - -
Quercetin galloyl pentoside 2 FS 0.29 ± 0.09 a 0.48 ± 0.03 a 1.43 ± 0.64 a 1.07 ± 0.25 a 4.22 ± 0.84 b
S - - - - -
Quercetin galloyl pentoside 3 FS 0.01 ± 0.006 a 0.51 ± 0.09 ab 1.02 ± 0.79 ab 2.29 ± 0.52 b 1.91 ± 0.25 ab
S - - - - -
Quercetin-3-xyloside FS 8.28 ± 3.96 a 8.11 ± 2.96 a 32.97 ± 4.56 a 165.21 ± 16.67 b 144.23 ± 28.71 b
S 3.28 ± 0.57 a 1.51 ± 0.11 a 2.47 ± 0.39 a 3.52 ± 0.95 a 13.95 ± 0.79 a
Total FS 65.95 ± 19.47 a 149.79 ± 24.28 a 364.21 ± 54.90 ab 1210.35 ± 461.41 b 947.52 ± 351.51 ab
S 109.24 ± 57.02 a 42.65 ± 9.39 a 91.35 ± 36.51 a 37.59 ± 16.94 a 65.20 ± 29.71 a
Flavones Apigenin derivative 1 FS 0.56 ± 0.07 a 3.57 ± 1.52 a 4.87 ± 2.36 a 38.19 ± 18.17 a 29.6 ± 3.47 a
S 2.21 ± 0.24 a 1.17 ± 0.09 a 1.69 ± 0.66 a 1.29 ± 0.62 a 2.57 ± 0.48 a
Apigenin derivative 2 FS 0.003 ± 0 a 0.001 ± 0.0001 a 0.002 ± 0.001 a 0.02 ± 0.016 a 0.01 ± 0.003 a
S - - - - -
Total FS 0.56 ± 0.07 a 3.57 ± 1.52 ab 4.87 ± 2.36 ab 38.21 ± 18.12 b 29.61 ± 3.47 ab
S 2.21 ± 0.24 a 1.17 ± 0.09 a 1.69 ± 0.66 a 1.29 ± 0.62 a 2.57 ± 0.48 a
Dihydrochalcone Phloridzin FS 117.31 ± 29.81 a 140.04 ± 9.59 a 414.87 ± 186.71 a 261.26 ± 52.16 a 964.13 ± 33.32 b
S - - - - -

The content ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of phenolic compounds (HBA, HCA, gallotannins and ellagitannins) in rose hips of R. pendulina and its cultivars ‘Bourgogne’, ‘Harstad’ and ‘Mount Everest’.

Phenolic group Compound R. pendulina ‘Bourgogne’ ‘Harstad’ ‘Mount Everest’
HBA Gallic acid FS 41.39 ± 1.86 b 8.69 ± 3.02 a 42.32 ± 11.85 b 14.91 ± 5.58 ab
S 5.35 ± 2.05 b 0.95 ± 0.14 a 5.22 ± 2.54 b 2.12 ± 0.97 ab
Galloylquinic acid FS 1546.56 ± 295.70 b 536.17 ± 97.03 a 1276.72 ± 237.38 ab 520.65 ± 177.1 a
S 965.58 ± 399.87 b 224.65 ± 90.54 a 926.54 ± 416.02 b 254.54 ± 88.98 a
Ellagic acid pentoside 1 FS 0.74 ± 0.28 a 0.53 ± 0.11 a 0.95 ± 0.44 a 1.19 ± 0.44 a
S 2.36 ± 1.65 a 2.75 ± 1.03 a 2.98 ± 0.98 a 3.41 ± 1.54 a
Ellagic acid pentoside 2 FS 2.78 ± 1.13 a 0.84 ± 0.28 a 0.71 ± 0.08 a 1.38 ± 0.58 a
S 3.21 ± 1.19 a 1.03 ± 0.58 a 0.78 ± 0.33 a 1.95 ± 0.65 a
Taxifolin pentoside 1 FS 0.64 ± 0.31 a 2.37 ± 1.00 a 1.07 ± 0.46 a 4.43 ± 1.52 a
S - - - -
Taxifolin pentoside 2 FS 0.18 ± 0.09 a 0.01 ± 0.005 a 0.11 ± 0.04 a 0.05 ± 0.03 a
S - - - -
Taxifolin pentoside 3 FS 0.81 ± 0.56 a 0.003 ± 0.002 a 0.22 ± 0.12 a 0.07 ± 0.06 a
S - - - -
Total FS 1593.10 ± 299.93 b 548.61 ± 101.45 a 1322.1 ± 250.37 ab 542.68 ± 185.32 a
S 976.50 ± 404.76 b 229.38 ± 92.29 a 935.52 ± 419.87 b 262.02 ± 92.14 a
HCA p-coumaric acid hexoside 1 FS 0.39 ± 0.30 a 0.47 ± 0.36 a 0.93 ± 1.31 b 0.54 ± 0.21 a
S - - - -
p-coumaric acid hexoside 2 FS 3.83 ± 0.01 a 1.83 ± 0.12 a 3.94 ± 0.07 a 1.34 ± 0.05 a
S 0.92 ± 0.54 a 0.41 ± 0.12 a 0.87 ± 0.25 a 0.35 ± 0.18 a
5-caffeoylquinic acid 1 FS 19.98 ± 3.94 a 23.43 ± 8.31 a 77.49 ± 12.16 b 21.73 ± 2.93 a
S - - - -
Sinapic acid hexoside 1 FS 5.87 ± 1.19 a 16.08 ± 6.43 a 13.89 ± 1.77 a 3.21 ± 0.78a
S - - - -
5-caffeoylquinic acid 2 FS 385.29 ± 9.49 a 544.57 ± 210.33 a 1530.40 ± 153.76 b 345.58 ± 62.90 a
S 60.54 ± 22.54 a 71.02 ± 24.48 ab 96.21 ± 30.54 b 59.68 ± 19.88 a
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1 FS 11.28 ± 0.89 a 5.39 ± 2.39 a 11.60 ± 3.86 a 3.96 ± 0.61 a
S 2.41 ± 1.09 a 1.02 ± 0.35 a 2.39 ± 1.06 a 0.87 ± 0.25 a
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2 FS 134.72 ± 64.05 a 51.39 ± 27.75 a 170.22 ± 20.47 a 155.41 ± 28.42 a
S - - - -
3-p-coumaroylquinic acid FS 0.62 ± 0.01 a 0.87 ± 0.21 a 2.15 ± 0.48 b 0.59 ± 0.07 a
S 0.22 ± 0.04 a 0.13 ± 0.03 a 0.24 ± 0.09 a 0.21 ± 0.07 a
Total FS 561.98 ± 79.88 a 644.03 ± 255.90 a 1810.62 ± 193.82 b 532.36 ± 95.97 a
S 64.39 ± 24.21 a 72.58 ± 24.98 a 99.71 ± 31.94 b 61.11 ± 20.38 a
Gallotannins Digalloyl hexoside 1 FS 1.83 ± 0.62 a 0.55 ± 0.13 a 1.81 ± 0.53 a 0.83 ± 0.29 a
S 5.21 ± 1.09 b 1.32 ± 0.98 a 5.42 ± 1.09 b 2.06 ± 0.98 a
Digalloyl hexoside 2 FS 39.45 ± 25.48 a 32.33 ± 12.25 a 33.23 ± 14.51 a 14.57 ± 5.92 a
S 0.19 ± 0.02 a 0.21 ± 0.07 a 0.17 ± 0.04 a 0.09 ± 0.01 a
Methyl gallate hexoside FS 182.98 ± 62.35 a 55.22 ± 12.75 a 181.00 ± 53.07 a 82.73 ± 29.64 a
S 22.35 ± 11.45 a 12.47 ± 2.54 a 21.98 ± 9.87 a 18.54 ± 9.42 a
Digalloylquinic acid 1 FS 121.06 ± 4.10 a 179.34 ± 42.58a 353.12 ± 53.33 b 153.17 ± 18.24 a
S 9.21 ± 4.87 a 9.05 ± 2.01 a 13.41 ± 5.87 a 8.96 ± 3.06 a
Total FS 345.32 ± 36.55 a 267.44 ± 67.71 a 569.16 ± 121.44 b 251.30 ± 82.80 a
S 36.96 ± 17.43 a 23.05 ± 5.6 a 40.98 ± 16.87 a 29.65 ± 13.47 a
Ellagitannins diHHDP hexoside 1 FS 164.32 ± 102.03 a 145.59 ± 72.46 a 198.98 ± 60.19 a 165.69 ± 36.38 a
S 32.21 ± 13.36 a 32.01 ± 18.54 a 31.85 ± 16.36 a 30.58 ± 18.25 a
diHHDP hexoside 2 FS - - - -
S 2.15 ± 1.03 a 2.32 ± 0.98 a 2.06 ± 0.95 a 1.98 ± 0.78 a
Digalloyl HHDP hexoside 3 FS - - - -
S 0.75 ± 0.19 a 0.59 ± 0.14 a 0.71 ± 0.26 a 0.69 ± 0.24 a
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1 FS 311.37 ± 24.49 a 149.01 ± 66.03 a 320.38 ± 106.58 a 109.35 ± 16.93 a
S 2.21 ± 0.95 a 1.15 ± 0.98 a 2.34 ± 1.09 a 0.98 ± 0.36 a
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2 FS 19.68 ± 0.48 a 27.82 ± 10.74 a 78.17 ± 7.85 b 17.65 ± 3.21 a
S 3.54 ± 1.09 a 3.88 ± 1.06 a 5.98 ± 2.44 a 3.65 ± 1.98 a
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3 FS - - - -
S 0.39 ± 0.11 a 0.52 ± 0.12 a 0.63 ± 0.26 a 0.38 ± 0.14 a
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1 FS 1.69 ± 0.13 a 0.81 ± 0.36 a 1.74 ± 0.58 a 0.59 ± 0.09 a
S 0.44 ± 0.19 b 0.24 ± 0.09 a 0.46 ± 0.12 b 0.12 ± 0.06 a
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2 FS 117.63 ± 28.61 b 54.69 ± 13.75 ab 110.83 ± 1.39 ab 43.22 ± 7.39 a
S 15.36 ± 5.56 a 12.06 ± 3.65 a 15.88 ± 4.87 a 11.98 ± 3.54 a
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 3 FS 16.90 ± 4.55 a 16.86 ± 5.05 a 13.86 ± 3.90 a 7.84 ± 3.92 a
S - - - -
HHDP galloyl hexoside 1 FS 22.34 ± 0.49 a 31.51 ± 7.65 a 77.76 ± 17.33 b 21.48 ± 2.47 a
S - - - -
Total FS 653.93 ± 160.78 a 426.29 ± 176.04 a 731.72 ± 197.82 a 365.82 ± 70.39 a
S 57.05 ± 22.48 a 52.77 ± 25.56 a 59.91 ± 25.40 a 50.36 ± 25.35 a

The content ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of phenolic compounds (HBA, HCA, gallotannins and ellagitannins) in rose hips of R. spinosissima and its cultivars ‘Poppins’. ‘Single Cherry’, ‘Frühlingsmorgen’ and ‘Frühlingsduft’.

Phenolic group Compound R. spinosissima ‘Poppins’ ‘Single Cherry’ ‘Frühlingsmorgen’ ‘Frühlingsduft’
HBA Gallic acid FS - - - - -
S 45.63 ± 7.62 ab 116.41 ± 10.69 be 190.84 ± 37.33 c 40.16 ± 22.95 ab 2.41 ± 0.73 a
Ellagic acid pentoside 1 FS 4.64 ± 1.33 a 11.31 ± 3.54 ab 12.64 ± 5.45 ab 101.02 ± 38.43 be 165.95 ± 99.92 c
S 13.30 ± 3.25 a 4.13 ± 0.84 a 7.62 ± 3.95 a 3.51 ± 1.94 a 12.27 ± 2.39 a
Ellagic acid pentoside 2 FS 1.58 ± 0.36 a 2.66 ± 0.96 a 6.50 ± 3.41 ab 16.23 ± 5.95 be 22.61 ± 9.62 c
S 1.63 ± 0.46 ab 0.67 ± 0.28 ab 2.27 ± 0.66 b 0.17 ± 0.06 a 0.24 ± 0.05 a
Taxifolin pentoside 1 FS 0.76 ± 0.08 a 2.09 ± 0.65 a 2.34 ± 0.51 a 19.89 ± 7.26 a 180.48 ± 90.26 a
S - - - - -
Taxifolin pentoside 2 FS 23.98 ± 6.29 a 9.46 ± 3.45 a 38.48 ± 9.32 a 189.33 ± 94.49 b 157.66 ± 99.92 b
S - - - - -
Taxifolin pentoside 3 FS 0.23 ± 0.02 a 0.27 ± 0.21 a 0.68 ± 0.45 ab 1.64 ± 0.32 be 2.21 ± 0.65 c
S - - - - -
Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 1 FS - - - - -
S 0.05 ± 0.01 a 0.09 ± 0.01 ab 0.04 ± 0.02 a 0.16 ± 0.07 b 0.04 ± 0.01 a
Total FS 31.19 ± 8.08 a 25.79 ± 8.81 a 60.64 ± 19.14 a 328.11 ± 146.45 a 528.91 ± 300.37 a
S 60.61 ± 11.34 ab 121.30 ± 11.82 be 200.77 ± 41.96 c 44.00 ± 25.02 ab 14.96 ± 3.18 a
HCA p-coumaric acid hexoside 1 FS 2.69 ± 0.48 a 9.50 ± 1.02 a 20.45 ± 2.03 ab 35.85 ± 8.12 b 20.27 ± 4.16 ab
S 45.21 ± 14.87 ab 319.09 ± 101.19 c 534.79 ± 178.29 d 30.0 ± 4.68 a 214.55 ± 89.81 be
p-coumaric acid hexoside 2 FS 0.22 ± 0.06 a 0.59 ± 0.19 a 0.71 ± 0.06 a 2.03 ± 0.29 b 4.44 ± 0.52 c
S - - - - -
5-caffeoylquinic acid 1 FS 16.55 ± 2.48 a 74.29 ± 22.89 ab 81.14 ± 22.79 ab 148.15 ± 26.08 be 231.59 ± 96.91 c
S 141.85 ± 52.09 a 159.43 ± 93.72 a 286.42 ± 109.12 a 20.0 ± 8.11 b 10.56 ± 2.59 b
Sinapic acid hexoside 1 FS 94.42 ± 22.52 a 137.39 ± 36.89 a 527.15 ± 32.37 a 1415.02 ± 285.19 b 1430.98 ± 290.65 b
S - - - - -
Sinapic acid hexoside 2 FS 35.26 ± 16.18 a 55.63 ± 21.07 a 100.11 ± 25.38 a 298.62 ± 133.19 b 461.51 ± 151.52 c
S - - - - -
5-caffeoylquinic acid 2 FS 15.82 ± 2.89 a 9.86 ± 3.63 a 57.05 ± 26.31 a 216.59 ± 105.21 a 618.79 ± 194.21 b
S - - - - -
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1 FS 24.76 ± 9.76 a 30.35 ± 11.49 a 54.61 ± 18.39 a 173.58 ± 99.06 b 289.17 ± 138.59 c
S 2.26 ± 1.80 a 12.64 ± 1.81 ab 32.73 ± 11.94 b 21.62 ± 7.45 ab 6.68 ± 1.93 a
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2 FS 3.39 ± 1.10 a 9.98 ± 3.35 a 12.01 ± 2.98 a 32.45 ± 13.98 b 74.78 ± 16.39 c
S 49.72 ± 16.29 a 44.78 ± 13.98 a 111.23 ± 39.27 b 130.25 ± 62.57 b 48.42 ± 18.95 a
3-p-coumaroylquinic acid FS 3.00 ± 1.34 a 7.16 ± 1.25 a 12.66 ± 3.36 b 23.65 ± 9.12 b 30.33 ± 12.68 b
S 112.68 ± 38.42 a 26.31 ± 14.39 a 12.68 ± 2.24 a 46.3 ± 11.55 a 30.06 ± 9.74 a
3-feruloyquinic acid FS 0.06 ± 0.04 a 0.06 ± 0.01 a 0.10 ± 0.02 a 0.26 ± 0.19 a 0.26 ± 0.19 a
S 12.59 ± 4.73 a 41.99 ± 15.55 bc 103.78 ± 46.65 d 21.59 ± 9.86 ab 50.12 ± 16.04 c
Trigalloylquinic acid FS - - - - -
S 16.54 ± 5.01 a 6.01 ± 1.03 a 19.32 ± 4.05 a 44.68 ± 14.06 a 12.33 ± 3.62 a
Total FS 196.17 ± 56.85 a 334.81 ± 101.79 a 866.01 ± 132.57 ab 2346.20 ± 680.43 ab 3162.12 ± 905.82 b
S 380.85 ± 133.21 a 610.25 ± 241.67 a 1100.93 ± 392.68 a 314.64 ± 118.28 a 372.72 ± 142.68 a
Gallotannins Digalloyl hexoside 1 FS 98.41 ± 30.47 a 384.84 ± 154.38 a 1347.62 ± 299.99 b 261.97 ± 135.72 a 237.37 ± 101.92 a
S 48.89 ± 12.89 b 30.90 ± 9.53 ab 38.68 ± 10.39 ab 93.14 ± 27.56 c 0.24 ± 0.07 a
Digalloyl hexoside 2 FS 9.67 ± 2.49 a 38.53 ± 14.59 b 114.79 ± 83.03 d 64.93 ± 26.12 c 21.23 ± 3.29 ab
S 0.19 ± 0.03 b 0.14 ± 0.02 ab 0.26 ± 0.05 b 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.28 ± 0.05 b
Methyl gallate hexoside FS 83.89 ± 27.43 a 321.06 ± 138.24 b 956.62 ± 225.24 d 623.78 ± 243.91 c 262.05 ± 151.99 b
S 80.35 ± 33.89 ab 68.56 ± 17.90 ab 138.70 ± 38.62 b 32.05 ± 13.72 a 103.40 ± 40.76 ab
Digalloylquinic acid 1 FS 118.35 ± 35.32 a 229.59 ± 60.72 a 541.28 ± 139.90 be 478.17 ± 162.57 b 757.77 ± 158.17 c
S 16.02 ± 6.33 be 13.65 ± 2.42 ac 24.72 ± 10.94 c 2.77 ± 0.46a b 0.36 ± 0.06 a
Trigalloyl hexoside 1 FS - - - - -
S 9.04 ± 6.24 a 46.33 ± 16.64 ab 102.28 ± 29.55 b 32.31 ± 10.23 ab 37.44 ± 13.93 ab
Methyl gallate rutinoside FS 24.54 ± 11.54 a 12.87 ± 4.14 ab 25.54 ± 19.81 ab 35.62 ± 15.57 ab 47.63 ± 28.92 b
S - - - - -
Methyl gallate acetyl dihexoside FS - - - - -
S 0.78 ± 0.06 a 1.44 ± 0.77 a 1.57 ± 0.88 a 0.43 ± 0.09 a 1.80 ± 0.18 a
Total FS 310.56 ± 107.25 a 986.89 ± 372.07 ab 2985.85 ± 767.97 b 1464.47 ± 583.89 ab 1326.05 ± 444.29 ab
S 155.27 ± 59.44 a 161.02 ± 47.28 a 306.21 ± 90.43 b 160.72 ± 52.07 a 143.52 ± 55.05 a
Ellagitannins diHHDP hexoside 1 FS 33.66 ± 13.29 a 188.89 ± 90.49 a 846.22 ± 253.33 b 435.35 ± 159.26 ab 634.66 ± 191.70 b
S 40.77 ± 16.33 a 337.86 ± 120.95 b 485.41 ± 247.12 c 32.91 ± 15.96 a 241.32 ± 90.27 b
diHHDP hexoside 2 FS 42.46 ± 14.76 a 55.25 ± 19.97 a 136.65 ± 40.17 b 179.10 ± 85.64 b 54.21 ± 16.94 a
S 38.71 ± 16.98 a 97.55 ± 28.32 ab 605.36 ± 379.67 c 38.69 ± 14.04 a 273.86 ± 169.35 b
Digalloyl HHDP hexoside 3 FS 35.79 ± 19.31 a 37.15 ± 12.54 a 53.01 ± 19.05 ab 46.18 ± 13.54 a 78.35 ± 23.05 b
S 6.39 ± 2.41 a 9.21 ± 3.46 ab 16.48 ± 5.03 b 1.84 ± 0.95 a 1.03 ± 0.72 a
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1 FS 7.33 ± 2.44 a 33.27 ± 13.59 a 71.58 ± 27.10 a 71.87 ± 20.03 a 321.05 ± 170.33 a
S - - - - -
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2 FS 11.23 ± 4.57 a 27.74 ± 18.95 a 154.36 ± 69.02 b 378.43 ± 142.98 c 193.66 ± 77.44 b
S - - - - -
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3 FS 118.09 ± 65.51 a 75.95 ± 26.21 a 439.26 ± 180.54 b 372.92 ± 126.87 b 499.12 ± 30.39 b
S - - - - -
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1 FS 4.72 ± 1.21 a 11.29 ± 3.79 a 13.59 ± 6.11 a 39.93 ± 12.63 b 84.93 ± 27.16 c
S - - - - -
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2 FS 8.72 ± 2.96 a 11.31 ± 4.67 a 36.79 ± 11.32 a 273.38 ± 93.95 b 465.07 ± 138.81 c
S - - - - -
HHDP galloyl hexoside 1 FS 6.27 ± 1.49 a 17.90 ± 3.12 a 31.70 ± 15.61 ab 50.35 ± 18.36 be 74.96 ± 26.59 c
S 200.52 ± 94.90 ab 289.23 ± 104.96 b 1261.13 ± 427.95 c 30.93 ± 13.67 ab 1.07 ± 0.09 a
Total FS 268.27 ± 125.54 a 458.75 ± 193.33 a 1783.16 ± 622.25 ab 1847.51 ± 673.26 ab 2406.01 ± 672.02 b
S 286.39 ± 130.62 a 733.85 ± 257.69 ab 2368.38 ± 1,059.77 b 104.37 ± 44.62 a 517.28 ± 260.43 ab

Origin data for cultivars used in this study.

Cultivar Species of the origin Breeding company Year of origin
‘Violacea’ R. gallica Unknown (The Netherlands) 1795
‘Splendens’ R. gallica Unknown 1583
‘Poppius’ R. spinosissima Stenberg (Sweden) 1872
‘Fruhlingsduft’ R. spinosissima Kordes (Germany) 1941
‘Fruhlingsmorgen’ R. spinosissima Kordes (Germany) 1941
‘Single Cherry’ R. spinosissima Unknown 1962
‘Harstad’ R. pendulina Unknown Unknown (old variety)
‘Mount Everest’ R. pendulina Interplant (The Netherlands) 1956
‘Bourgogne’ R. pendulina Interplant (The Netherlands) 1983

Contents ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of flavanols, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of R. pendulina and its cultivars ‘Bourgogne’, ‘Harstad’ and ‘Mount Everest’.

Phenolic group Compound R. pendulina ‘Bourgogne’ ‘Harstad’ ‘Mount Everest’
Flavanols Procyanidin dimer 1 FS 310.01 ± 75.40 b 144.13 ± 36.23 ab 292.10 ± 3.69 ab 113.91 ± 19.50 a
S 37.36 ± 19.35 b 23.57 ± 6.37 a 36.98 ± 10.32 b 25.87 ± 8.97 a
Procyanidin dimer 2 FS 464.64 ± 16.49 a 541.56 ± 140.95 a 1092.39 ± 80.22 b 637.15 ± 60.55 a
S 85.25 ± 21.74 a 85.99 ± 25.41 a 94.65 ± 25.74 a 91.54 ± 19.74 a
Procyanidin dimer 3 FS 86.26 ± 17.60 a 236.45 ± 94.54 a 204.15 ± 26.07 a 47.26 ± 11.52 a
S 6.98 ± 2.14 a 19.87 ± 7.04 b 18.47 ± 8.32 b 4.87 ± 1.09 a
Procyanidin dimer 4 FS 515.49 ± 11.38 a 759.49 ± 190.75 a 2225.28 ± 465.77 b 467.26 ± 75.16 a
S 57.05 ± 31.98 a 57.98 ± 24.78 a 90.25 ± 38.76 b 56.98 ± 27.89 a
Procyanidin trimer 1 FS 78.07 ± 1.73 a 110.11 ± 26.71 a 271.74 ± 60.57 b 75.05 ± 8.63 a
S 22.54 ± 7.63 a 45.77 ± 19.87 ab 97.87 ± 31.08 b 21.98 ± 9.51 a
Procyanidin trimer 2 FS 275.79 ± 54.37 a 323.43 ± 114.76 a 1069.74 ± 167.93 b 299.96 ± 40.41 a
S 11.98 ± 3.15 a 12.15 ± 3.98 a 22.54 ± 12.45 a 12.04 ± 5.78 a
Procyanidin trimer 3 FS 16.18 ± 0.36 a 23.84 ± 5.99 a 69.85 ± 14.62 b 14.67 ± 2.36 a
S 87.54 ± 39.87 a 85.66 ± 34.65 a 103.21 ± 45.21 a 88.54 ± 30.01 a
Epicatechin FS 65.13 ± 6.45 a 78.48 ± 24.84 a 218.32 ± 18.33 b 48.84 ± 8.85 a
S 25.77 ± 11.54 a 22.54 ± 9.78 a 44.74 ± 15.87 a 22.87 ± 9.87 a
Catechin FS 698.19 ± 1.55 a 98.47 ± 23.89 a 243.02 ± 54.16 b 67.11 ± 7.72 a
S 23.45 ± 9.36 b 4.87 ± 1.06 a 12.54 ± 3.25 b 2.54 ± 1.21 a
PA dimer diglycoside FS 217.12 ± 50.35 a 139.65 ± 48.92 a 232.51 ± 143.72 a 92.21 ± 16.37 a
S 27.54 ± 12.41 b 19.87 ± 9.24 b 26.98 ± 12.75 b 12.54 ± 6.87 a
Dimer PA monogallate 1 FS 20.62 ± 0.46 a 30.38 ± 7.63 a 89.01 ± 18.63 b 18.69 ± 3.01 a
S 3.05 ± 1.39 a 5.98 ± 1.03 a 12.87 ± 3.19 b 1.89 ± 0.97 a
Dimer PA monogallate 2 FS 22.55 ± 1.77 a 10.79 ± 4.78 a 23.21 ± 7.72 a 7.92 ± 1.23 a
S 0.45 ± 0.10 b 0.36 ± 0.08 b 0.57 ± 0.14 b 0.19 ± 0.04 a
Total FS 2770.05 ± 237.90 a 2496.78 ± 719.99 a 6031.32 ± 1,061.43 b 1890.03 ± 255.31 a
S 388.87 ± 160.68 a 384.61 ± 143.29 a 561.67 ± 207.08 b 341.85 ± 121.95 a
Flavonols Quercetin galloyl hexoside 1 FS 0.29 ± 0.11 a 0.20 ± 0.04 a 0.37 ± 0.17 a 0.46 ± 0.17 a
S 0.78 ± 0.35 a 0.82 ± 0.24 a 0.98 ± 0.37 a 1.25 ± 0.94 a
Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2 FS 2.65 ± 1.07 a 0.80 ± 0.27 a 0.68 ± 0.08 a 1.31 ± 0.55 a
S 5.98 ± 2.14 b 1.59 ± 0.75 a 1.63 ± 0.64 a 3.88 ± 1.07 b
Quercetin-3-rutinoside FS 2.49 ± 1.01 a 0.75 ± 0.25 a 0.64 ± 0.07 a 1.24 ± 0.52 a
S 0.51 ± 0.16 b 0.14 ± 0.04 a 0.12 ± 0.05 a 0.23 ± 0.09 ab
Quercetin-3-galactoside FS 10.97 ± 3.37 ab 0.65 ± 0.22 a 19.30 ± 3.44 b 8.09 ± 6.40 ab
S 3.54 ± 1.04 a 2.15 ± 0.97 a 3.28 ± 1.01 a 1.05 ± 0.07 a
Quercetin-3-glucoside FS 27.26 ± 13.45 a 1.83 ± 0.70 a 15.70 ± 5.36 a 7.22 ± 4.53 a
S 7.19 ± 2.14 b 1.02 ± 0.21 a 5.84 ± 1.54 b 3.45 ± 1.96 a
Total FS 43.66 ± 24.99 b 4.23 ± 1.48 a 36.69 ± 9.12 ab 18.32 ± 12.17 ab
S 18.00 ± 5.83 a 5.72 ± 2.21 a 11.85 ± 3.61 a 9.86 ± 4.13 a
Flavonols Apigenin derivative 1 FS 1.54 ± 0.51 a 0.99 ± 0.30 a 2.15 ± 0.27 a 2.49 ± 0.84 a
S 0.31 ± 0.09 a 0.12 ± 0.04 a 0.67 ± 0.03 b 0.72 ± 0.16 b
Apigenin derivative 2 FS 0.35 ± 0.13 a 0.25 ± 0.05 a 0.45 ± 0.21 a 0.57 ± 0.21 a
S 1.36 ± 0.57 a 1.02 ± 0.45 a 1.41 ± 0.49 a 1.45 ± 0.87 a
Total FS 1.89 ± 0.64 a 1.24 ± 0.35 a 2.60 ± 0.48 a 3.06 ± 1.05 a
S 1.67 ± 0.66 a 1.14 ± 0.49 a 2.08 ± 0.52 a 2.17 ± 1.03 a

Rose hips colour parameters of analysed rose hips.

Species and cultivars L* a* b* C* h°
R. pendulina 36.70 ± 1.64 a 40.98 ± 1.22 c 29.66 ± 1.91 b 50.58 ± 2.04 c 35.75 ± 1.17 a
‘Harstad’ 34.66 ± 0.69 a 34.08 ± 1.08 b 25.18 ± 0.87 b 42.36 ± 1.35 b 36.42 ± 0.37 a
‘Bourgogne’ 32.96 ± 2.76 a 29.34 ± 1.15 ab 21.38 ± 2.31 c 37.00 ± 2.53 bc 37.16 ± 3.62 b
‘Mount Everest’ 29.66 ± 1.51 a 27.36 ± 1.49 a 17.20 ± 2.36 a 32.42 ± 2.54 a 31.58 ± 1.97 a
R. spinosissima 27.89 ± 2.56 b 23.33 ± 1.92 b 14.59 ± 1.59 b 22.08 ± 3.11 b 22.14 ± 0.99 a
‘Poppius’ 29.38 ± 2.11 b 25.26 ± 2.21 b 16.26 ± 3.09 b 27.76 ± 4.03 b 26.04 ± 1.99 ab
‘Frühlingsduft’ 25.08 ± 1.66 ab 21.18 ± 1.14 ab 15.01 ± 1.63 ab 23.84 ± 1.41 ab 33.46 ± 1.59 bc
‘Single Cherry’ 20.28 ± 0.72 a 2.28 ± 1.01 a 3.78 ± 0.09 a 4.42 ± 0.09 a 59.18 ± 2.45 c
‘Frühlingsmorgen’ 28.28 ± 0.74 b 24.36 ± 1.60 b 14.28 ± 0.42 b 28.02 ± 1.51 b 31.46 ± 1.13 ab
R. gallica 43.38 ± 1.77 b 31.9 ± 1.65 a 36.84 ± 1.27 b 48.13 ± 0.73 b 49.18 ± 1.79 b
‘Violacea’ 31.96 ± 1.66 a 32.08 ± 1.28 a 21.76 ± 2.53 a 38.94 ± 2.23 a 33.68 ± 2.54 a
‘Splendens’ 33.78 ± 1.13 a 29.59 ± 1.47 a 24.20 ± 1.29 a 33.33 ± 1.29 a 32.90 ± 1.99 a

Average contents ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of cyanidin-3-glucoside in all analysed rose hips.

Species and cultivars Cyanidin-3-glucoside
R. gallica 2.19 ± 0.42 a
‘Violacea’ 11.51 ± 3.02 b
‘Splendens’ 0.85 ± 0.13 a
R. spinosissima 20.97 ± 3.31 a
‘Poppius’ 20.97 ± 3.39 a
‘Frühlingsduft’ 77.91 ± 10.14 a
‘Single Cherry’ 3090.36 ± 309.12 b
‘Frühlingsmorgen’ 134.31 ± 18.61 a
R. pendulina 5.09 ± 0.65 a
‘Harstad’ 1.59 ± 0.22 a
‘Bourgogne’ 3.16 ± 1.60 a
‘Mount Everest’ 56.61 ± 17.38 b

Contents ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of flavanols, flavanones, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of R. gallica and its cultivars ‘Violacea’ and ‘Splendens’

Phenolic group Compound R. gallica ‘Violacea’ ‘Splendens’
Flavanols Procyanidin dimer 1 FS 3126.14 ± 752.27 a 1361.77 ± 338.39 a 3401.99 ± 1562.04 a
S 1.27 ± 0.41 a 0.53 ± 0.24 a 0.32 ± 0.21 a
Procyanidin dimer 2 FS 896.30 ± 162.67 a 704.06 ± 186.69 a 776.21 ± 140.02 a
S 359.41 ± 193.31 a 562.13 ± 259.37 ab 1137.43 ± 413.09 b
Procyanidin dimer 3 FS 0.003 ± 0.001 a 0.004 ± 0.001 a 0.005 ± 0.001 a
S 0.07 ± 0.02 a 0.08 ± 0.02 a 0.11 ± 0.02 a
Procyanidin dimer 4 FS 321.68 ± 168.16 a 157.21 ± 48.47 a 268.21 ± 161.94 a
S 13.65 ± 3.46 a 16.69 ± 7.12 a 17.76 ± 9.08 a
Procyanidin dimer 5 FS 0.25 ± 0.09 a 0.39 ± 0.18 a 0.33 ± 0.18 a
S - - -
Epicatechin FS 7.70 ± 1.86 a 10.52 ± 2.56 a 8.93 ± 3.42 a
S - - -
Catechin FS 195.79 ± 39.76 a 276.17 ± 30.62 a 631.35 ± 256.12 b
S - - -
Catechin hexoside FS - - -
S 236.22 ± 57.93 a 193.09 ± 64.69 a 146.45 ± 74.25 a
Procyanidin trimer 1 FS 0.04 ± 0.02 a 0.06 ± 0.02 a 0.13 ± 0.09 b
S 17.87 ± 5.39 a 13.97 ± 3.95 a 14.35 ± 3.93 a
Procyanidin trimer 2 FS 706.44 ± 262.14 a 414.42 ± 168.13 a 1985.02 ± 696.19 b
S 1.06 ± 0.45 a 0.83 ± 0.36 a 2.19 ± 0.84 a
Procyanidin trimer 3 FS 14.28 ± 6.25 a 18.49 ± 9.24 ab 39.93 ± 23.06 b
S 3.36 ± 0.84 a 4.13 ± 1.41a 2.64 ± 0.15 a
Procyanidin trimer 4 FS 621.06 ± 216.47 a 652.65 ± 209.54 a 437.19 ± 185.76 a
S 3.94 ± 1.22 a 3.43 ± 1.52 a 3.92 ± 0.39 a
Procyanidin trimer 5 FS 1391.21 ± 487.65 a 1247.21 ± 442.01 a 2709.28 ± 730.14 b
S - - -
Procyanidin trimer 6 FS 22.16 ± 9.16 a 31.78 ± 18.45 a 50.99 ± 24.07 a
S - - -
Procyanidin tetramer 1 FS 0.88 ± 0.16 a 1.53 ± 0.96 a 1.81 ± 0.36 a
S - - -
Procyanidin tetramer 2 FS 0.06 ± 0.02 a 0.08 ± 0.01 a 0.19 ± 0.02 b
S - - -
Procyanidin tetramer 3 FS 6.99 ± 1.48 a 3.42 ± 1.05 a 5.84 ± 1.35 a
S - - -
Procyanidin tetramer 5 FS 242.38 ± 106.21 a 221.99 ± 99.87 a 312.46 ± 162.14 a
S - - -
Dimer PA monogallate 1 FS 77.65 ± 17.67 a 111.36 ± 43.94 a 178.68 ± 37.95 a
S 65.98 ± 10.92 a 65.69 ± 8.46 a 63.32 ± 18.36 a
Dimer PA monogallate 2 FS 0.15 ± 0.05 a 0.24 ± 0.11 a 0.19 ± 0.05 a
S 39.43 ± 15.71 a 19.32 ± 15.06 a 17.60 ± 4.30 a
Dimer PA monogallate 3 FS - - -
S 1.17 ± 0.51 a 0.66 ± 0.34 a 0.92 ± 0.49 a
PA dimer monoglycoside 1 FS 7874.00 ± 1,699.11 a 12317.33 ± 4,413.33 a 49035.33 ± 9560.51 b
S 7.81 ± 2.46 a 12.22 ± 5.08 ab 24.72 ± 11.36 b
PA dimer monoglycoside 2 FS 1834.54 ± 368.39 ab 842.22 ± 395.60 a 3003.20 ± 627.29 b
S - - -
Total FS 17340.065 ± 4,299.589 a 18372.908 ± 6,409.199 a 62848.269 ± 14172.699 a
S 750.79 ± 292.635 a 892.87 ± 367.62 a 1431.73 ± 536.47 a
Flavanones Naringenin hexoside 1 FS 0.46 ± 0.12 a 0.26 ± 0.01 b -
S 0.46 ± 0.14 a 0.21 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.04 a
Naringenin hexoside 2 FS 0.30 ± 0.28 a 0.44 ± 0.18 a 0.33 ± 0.32 a
S 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.03 ± 0.01 a
Naringenin hexoside 3 FS 0.005 ± 0.001 ab 0.002 ± 0.001 a 0.001 ± 0.001 b
S 0.02 ± 0.005 a 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.03 ± 0.02 a
Naringenin hexoside 4 FS 2.64 ± 0.06 a 5.48 ± 1.15 a 0.86 ± 0.03 a
S 0.67 ± 0.55 a 0.32 ± 0.09 a 0.46 ± 0.08 a
Naringenin hexoside 5 FS 0.59 ± 0.18 a 0.37 ± 0.13 a 0.03 ± 0.01 a
S - - -
Total FS 3.995 ± 0.641 b 6.552 ± 1.441 c 1.221 ± 0.361 a
S 1.17 ± 0.705 a 0.47 ± 0.12 a 0.67 ± 0.15 a
Flavonoles Quercetin galloyl hexoside 1 FS 2.09 ± 0.70 b 4.44 ± 1.27 a -
S 0.18 ± 0.15 a 0.17 ± 0.07 a 0.26 ± 0.13 a
Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2 FS 0.59 ± 0.13 ab 0.27 ± 0.14 a 1.28 ± 0.34 b
S 0.34 ± 0.04 a 0.22 ± 0.01 a 0.21 ± 0.19 a
Quercetin-3-rutinoside FS 0.0006 ± 0.0002 b 0.001 ± 0.0004 a -
S 1.02 ± 0.44 a 0.65 ± 0.19 a 0.63 ± 0.38 a
Quercetin-3-galactoside FS 4.48 ± 1.04 a 6.40 ± 3.08 a 4.75 ± 0.54 a
S 0.79 ± 0.29 a 2.15 ± 0.34 a 2.31 ± 0.85 a
Quercetin-3-glucoside FS 24.44 ± 15.15 a 1.80 ± 0.29 a 3.93 ± 0.49 a
S 1.74 ± 0.13 b 1.32 ± 0.13 ab 0.77 ± 0.31 a
Kaempferol hexoside 1 FS 1.08 ± 0.34 a 0.08 ± 0.02 a 0.17 ± 0.06 a
S 0.34 ± 0.15 a 0.22 ± 0.07 a 0.21 ± 0.13 a
Kaempferol hexoside 2 FS 1.01 ± 0.07 a 2.22 ± 0.91 a 0.35 ± 0.02 a
S 9.48 ± 5.02 a 22.73 ± 7.87 a 9.98 ± 0.24 a
Kaempferol derivate FS 0.96 ± 0.38 a 0.98 ± 0.39 a 0.71 ± 0.27 a
S - - -
Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 1 FS 1.04 ± 0.42 a 0.22 ± 0.14 a 0.41 ± 0.08 a
S - - -
Quercetin-3-glucuronide FS 3.35 ± 1.35 a 0.69 ± 0.46 a 1.31 ± 0.25 a
S 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.05 ± 0.02 a 0.02 ± 0.0006 a
Quercetin-3-arabinopyranoside FS 13.09 ± 2.89 a 18.98 ± 9.19 a 16.96 ± 4.22 a
S 6.02 ± 3.79 a 4.89 ± 1.95 a 1.31 ± 0.56 a
Quercetin-3-arabinofuranoside FS 10.85 ± 7.98 a 23.99 ± 4.45 a 3.82 ± 3.78 a
S 1.04 ± 0.55 a 2.49 ± 0.86 a 1.09 ± 0.03 a
Isorhamnetin pentoside 1 FS 0.07 ± 0.05 a 0.16 ± 0.03 a 0.03 ± 0.02 a
S 6.31 ± 3.98 a 5.12 ± 2.04 a 1.38 ± 0.59 a
Isorhamnetin pentoside 2 FS - - -
S 0.21 ± 0.05 a 0.28 ± 0.23 a 0.05 ± 0.008 a
Quercetin-3-rhamnoside FS 4.71 ± 1.01 a 6.85 ± 2.29 a 5.22 ± 0.51 a
S 0.69 ± 0.42 a 1.25 ± 0.27 a 0.35 ± 0.06 a
Quercetin-3-xyloside FS 14.87 ± 6.19 a 23.83 ± 4.19 a 11.09 ± 2.69 a
S 5.01 ± 1.92 a 0.66 ± 0.18 a 1.58 ± 0.45 a
Total FS 82.63 ± 37.70 a 90.91 ± 26.71 a 50.03 ± 13.27 a
S 33.19 ± 16.94 a 42.20 ± 14.23 a 20.15 ± 3.93 a
Flavones derivative 1 Apigenin FS 0.05 ± 0.01 ab 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.12 ± 0.03 b
S - - -
Total FS 0.05 ± 0.01 ab 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.12 ± 0.03 b
S - - -
Dihydrochalcone Phloridzin FS 78.52 ± 13.88 a 97.56 ± 31.62 a 78.73 ± 10.33 a

The content ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of phenolic compounds (HBA, HCA, gallotannins and ellagitannins) in rose hips of R. gallica and its cultivars ‘Violacea’ and ‘Splendens’.

Phenolic group Compound R. gallica ‘Violacea’ ‘Splendens’
HBA Gallic acid FS 72.13 ± 11.03 ab 54.78 ± 18.81 a 127.40 ± 17.48 b
S - - -
Ellagic acid pentoside 1 FS 9.45 ± 3.44 a 5.67 ± 2.29 a 5.03 ± 2.69 a
S 5.43 ± 2.03 a 11.64 ± 5.39 a 4.15 ± 0.18 a
Ellagic acid pentoside 2 FS 1.23 ± 0.37 a 2.91 ± 1.37 a 1.53 ± 0.24 a
S 1.32 ± 0.44 a 0.84 ± 0.31 a 0.82 ± 0.32 a
Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 1 FS - - -
S 1.22 ± 0.35 a 1.22 ± 0.41 a 0.58 ± 0.12 a
Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 2 FS - - -
S 1.26 ± 0.36 a 0.78 ± 0.49 a 0.47 ± 0.39 a
Total FS 82.80 ± 14.84 a 63.36 ± 22.47 a 134.54 ± 20.41 a
S 9.23 ± 3.18 a 14.48 ± 6.30 a 5.44 ± 1.01 a
HCA p-coumaric acid hexoside 1 FS 636.74 ± 119.49 a 1111.94 ± 697.73 a 1314.25 ± 263.63 a
S 1.45 ± 0.35 a 1.57 ± 0.43 a 2.15 ± 0.53 a
p-coumaric acid hexoside 2 FS - - -
S 4.66 ± 1.41 b 1.28 ± 0.38 ab 1.01 ± 0.35 a
5-caffeoylquinic acid 1 FS 6.55 ± 3.36 a 53.36 ± 25.88 a 23.34 ± 4.74 b
S 1.02 ± 0.25 a 1.26 ± 0.43 a 0.80 ± 0.45 a
5-caffeoylquinic acid 2 FS 52.81 ± 12.72 a 2.17 ± 1.04 a 61.24 ± 26.61 a
S 6.85 ± 2.03 a 7.02 ± 1.51 a 6.09 ± 3.18 a
Sinapic acid hexoside 1 FS 256.49 ± 55.18 a 320.10 ± 103.97 a 557.87 ± 116.94 a
S 0.18 ± 0.05 a 0.22 ± 0.08 a 0.14 ± 0.07 a
Sinapic acid hexoside 2 FS 0.48 ± 0.11 a 1.69 ± 0.71 a 2.16 ± 0.45 a
S - - -
3-caffeoylquinic acid 1 FS 326.12 ± 191.43 a 235.82 ± 157.48 a 395.29 ± 136.67 a
S - - -
3-caffeoylquinic acid 2 FS 38.56 ± 19.27 a 137.03 ± 80.39 a 174.68 ± 73.67 a
S - - -
4-caffeoylquinic acid FS 0.07 ± 0.02 a 0.25 ± 0.10 a 0.32 ± 0.07 a
S - - -
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1 FS 83.77 ± 32.76 a 61.37 ± 26.12 a 92.80 ± 44.70 a
S 14.54 ± 4.33 a 12.41 ± 5.61 a 16.99 ± 2.61 a
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2 FS 334.81 ± 162.66 a 179.39 ± 93.52 a 219.31 ± 143.98 a
S 3.51 ± 2.18 a 1.99 ± 0.71 a 2.81 ± 0.37 a
3-p-coumaroylquinic acid FS 10.34 ± 1.94 a 18.06 ± 7.13 a 21.34 ± 9.28 a
S 0.02 ± 0.008 a 0.014 ± 0.006 a 0.04 ± 0.001 a
4-p-coumaroylquinic acid FS 26.56 ± 16.39 a 36.30 ± 19.93 a 30.80 ± 18.35 a
S - - -
Total FS 1773.30 ± 615.33 a 2227.48 ± 1,214.00 a 2893.40 ± 839.27 a
S 32.23 ± 10.61 a 25.89 ± 9.16 a 30.03 ± 7.56 a
Gallotannins Digalloyl hexoside 1 FS 67.04 ± 22.74 a 87.20 ± 36.43 a 205.58 ± 146.16 a
S 75.01 ± 25.98 a 53.02 ± 26.18 a 69.88 ± 31.97 a
Digalloyl hexoside 2 FS 144.73 ± 40.24 a 153.85 ± 70.31 a 289.52 ± 144.26 a
S 97.57 ± 29.68 a 44.31 ± 26.99 a 97.01 ± 41.48 a
Methyl gallate hexoside FS 268.34 ± 153.01 a 114.97 ± 86.74 a 859.74 ± 353.67 b
S 166.63 ± 47.99 a 61.23 ± 28.79 a 167.63 ± 75.79 a
Digalloylquinic acid 1 FS 196.67 ± 92.76 a 157.35 ± 63.74 a 375.45 ± 169.14 a
S - - -
Trigalloyl hexoside 1 FS - - -
S 171.25 ± 51.67 a 133.92 ± 37.81 a 137.53 ± 37.69 a
Trigalloyl hexoside 2 FS - - -
S 4.78 ± 1.21 a 5.84 ± 2.51 a 6.22 ± 2.14 a
Methyl gallate rutinoside FS 3.41 ± 0.15 a 4.72 ± 1.95 a 6.95 ± 1.49 a
S 0.0004 ± 0.0 a 0.0002 ± 0.0 a 0.0001 ± 0.00 a
Methyl gallate acetyl dihexoside FS - - -
S 0.82 ± 0.19 a 0.81 ± 0.67 a 0.39 ± 0.04 a
Total FS 680.19 ± 308.90 a 518.09 ± 259.17 a 1737.24 ± 814.72 a
S 516.06 ± 156.72 a 299.13 ± 122.95 a 478.66 ± 189.11 a
Ellagitannins diHHDP hexoside 1 FS - - -
S 299.13 ± 102.62 a 60.85 ± 25.35 a 102.65 ± 54.16 a
diHHDP hexoside 2 FS - - -
S 5.21 ± 1.35 a 8.14 ± 3.76 ab 16.48 ± 6.14 b
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1 FS 24.89 ± 15.08 a 32.24 ± 12.85 ab 69.63 ± 31.19 b
S 25.34 ± 6.08 a 27.36 ± 7.42 a 37.45 ± 10.34 a
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2 FS 311.24 ± 116.63 a 403.00 ± 210.69 ab 870.41 ± 321.98 b
S 12.71 ± 3.16 a 15.60 ± 5.32 a 9.97 ± 5.65 a
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3 FS 30.16 ± 18.36 a 15.66 ± 7.79 a 48.84 ± 28.06 a
S - - -
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1 FS 18.63 ± 4.75 a 30.29 ± 16.74 a 46.32 ± 13.75 a
S 0.87 ± 0.42 a 0.42 ± 0.25 a 0.39 ± 0.21 a
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2 FS - - -
S 0.23 ± 0.14 b 0.06 ± 0.01 ab 0.05 ± 0.03 a
HHDP galloyl hexoside 1 FS 16.53 ± 6.97 a 17.38 ± 4.47 a 11.64 ± 4.18 a
S 26.97 ± 8.14 a 21.09 ± 5.96 a 21.66 ± 5.93 a
HHDP galloyl hexoside 2 FS - - -
S 0.05 ± 0.02 a 0.04 ± 0.02 a 0.11 ± 0.02 a
Total FS 401.45 ± 161.79 a 498.57 ± 252.54 a 1046.84 ± 399.19 a
S 370.51 ± 122.20 a 72.71 ± 48.09 a 188.76 ± 82.48 a
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