Compression ratio | Dimensions (mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|
length (longitudinal direction) | width (tangent direction) | thickness (radial direction) | |
50% | 800 | 10 | 20 |
75% | 800 | 10 | 40 |
Poplar | 800 × 10 × 8 | PVAc | Control | 6 | Eastern spruce | 800 × 10 × 8 | PVAc | Control | 6 |
50% | 6 | 50% | 6 | ||||||
75% | 6 | 75% | 6 | ||||||
D-VTKA | Control | 6 | D-VTKA | Control | 6 | ||||
50% | 6 | 50% | 6 | ||||||
75% | 6 | 75% | 6 | ||||||
800 × 10 × 10 | PVAc | Control | 6 | 800 × 10 × 10 | PVAc | Control | 6 | ||
50% | 6 | 50% | 6 | ||||||
75% | 6 | 75% | 6 | ||||||
D-VTKA | Control | 6 | D-VTKA | Control | 6 | ||||
50% | 6 | 50% | 6 | ||||||
75% | 6 | 75% | 6 |
Wood species |
Tensile performance (kg/cm2) |
---|---|
Eastern spruce | 182.50a |
Poplar | 173.66b |
Densification ratio |
|
75% | 191.4a |
50% | 175.5b |
Control | 167.4c |
Dovel diameter |
|
8 mm diameter dowel | 195.11a |
10 mm diameter dowel | 161.05b |
Types Glue |
|
PVAc glue | 185.92a |
D-VTKA glue | 170.24b |
Wood | Densification conditions | Thickness before compression | Thickness after compression | Press thickness | Compression ratio | Std. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poplar | 140°C 50% | 20 mm | 10.14 mm | 10 mm | 47.80% | 0.16 |
140°C 75% | 40 mm | 10.57 mm | 10 mm | 73.57% | 0.58 | |
Eastern spruce | 140°C 50% | 20 mm | 10.22 mm | 10 mm | 48.90% | 0.31 |
140°C 75% | 40 mm | 10.86 mm | 10 mm | 72.85% | 0.51 |
Parameters | Tensile performance (kg/cm2) |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
densification | dowel diameter (mm) | glue type | poplar | eastern spruce |
control | 8 | PVAc | 177.302 | 139.665 |
8 | D-VTKA | 176.582 | 206.168 | |
10 | PVAc | 171.640 | 134.923 | |
10 | D-VTKA | 154.833 | 178.178 | |
50% | 8 | PVAc | 227.615 | 183.760 |
8 | D-VTKA | 226.072 | 192.995 | |
10 | PVAc | 160.153 | 187.593 | |
10 | D-VTKA | 110.105 | 115.582 | |
75% | 8 | PVAc | 177.780 | 189.280 |
8 | D-VTKA | 203.208 | 222.127 | |
10 | PVAc | 159.003 | 303.547 | |
10 | D-VTKA | 120.853 | 136.205 |
Press temperature | Compression ratio |
---|---|
Pressure capacity | 100 ton – 250 Bar |
Temperature range | 0–250°C |
Pressure piston stroke | 500 mm |
Table size | 60 × 60 cm |
Motion | auto/manual, 8–11 mm/sec. |
Densification ratio | Density values (g/cm3) | Moisture content (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
poplar | eastern spruce | poplar | eastern spruce | |
Control | 0.390 | 0.401 | 8.218 | 8.925 |
50% | 0.508 | 0.540 | 4.558 | 6.485 |
75% | 0.622 | 0.629 | 4.381 | 5.187 |
Wood species + Densification ratio + + Diameter of dowel + Glue type | X-HG (kg/cm2) |
---|---|
P + d50% + 8mm + PVAc | 227.6a |
P + d50% + 8mm + Dv | 226.1a |
Es + d75% + 8mm + Dv | 222.1a |
Es + C+8mm + Dv | 206.2b |
P + d75% + 8mm + Dv | 203.2bc |
P + d75% + 8mm + PVAc | 196.6bcd |
Es + d50% + 8mm + Dv | 193.0cde |
Es + d75% + 8mm + PVAc | 189.3cde |
Es + d50% + 10mm + PVAc | 187.6cde |
Es + d50% + 8mm + PVAc | 183.8cdef |
Es + d75% + 10mm + PVAc | 177.8def |
Es + C+10mm + Dv | 178.2defg |
P + C + 8mm + PVAc | 177.3defg |
P + C + 8mm + Dv | 176.6efg |
Es + C + 10mm + PVAc | 171.6efg |
P + d50% + 10mm + PVAc | 160.2fgh |
P + d75% + 10mm + PVAc | 159.0fghi |
P + C + 10mm + Dv | 154.8ghi |
Es + C + 8mm + PVAc | 139.7hij |
Es + d75% + 10mm + Dv | 136.2hij |
Es + C + 10mm + PVAc | 134.9ij |
P + d75% + 10mm + Dv | 120.9jk |
Es + d50% + 10mm + Dv | 115.6jk |
P + d50% + 10mm + Dv | 110.1k |
Densification | ||
---|---|---|
Press temperature | Compression ratio | Time |
140°C | 50% | press heating + 15 minutes |
75% | press heating + 15 minutes |
Wood + Densification | X-HG | Densification + Diameter | X-HG | Densification + Glue | X-HG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Es + d75% | 212.8a | d50% + 8mm | 207.6a | d75% + PVAc | 212.1a |
P + d50% | 181.0b | d75% + 8mm | 202.8a | d50% + PVAc | 189.8b |
P | 170.1bc | d75% + 10mm | 179.9b | C + Dv | 178.9bc |
Es + d50% | 170bc | C + 8mm | 174.9b | d75% + Dv | 170.6cd |
P + d75% | 169.9bc | C + 10mm | 159.9c | d50% + Dv | 161.2de |
Es | 164.7c | d50% + 10mm | 143.4d | C + PVAc | 155.9e |
LSD = ±11.09 | LSD = ±11.12 | LSD = ±19.21 |
Source | Degree of freedom | Sum of square | Mean of square | F | α < 0.05 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wood species (A) | 1 | 2,811.562 | 2,811.562 | 7.3974 | 0.0075 |
Densification (B) | 2 | 14,244.143 | 7,122.071 | 18.7386 | 0.0000 |
AB | 2 | 21,040.921 | 10,520.461 | 27.6799 | 0.0000 |
Diameter (C) | 1 | 41,772.206 | 41,772.206 | 109.9050 | 0.0000 |
AC | 1 | 15,980.963 | 15,980.963 | 42.0468 | 0.0000 |
BC | 2 | 16,775.502 | 8,387.751 | 22.0686 | 0.0000 |
ABC | 2 | 9,586.050 | 4,793.025 | 12.6107 | 0.0000 |
Glue (D) | 1 | 8,853.084 | 8,853.084 | 23.2930 | 0.0000 |
AD | 1 | 43.263 | 43.263 | 0.1138 | 0.0000 |
BD | 2 | 28,015.219 | 14,007.609 | 36.8548 | 0.0000 |
ABD | 2 | 20,149.924 | 10,074.962 | 26.5078 | 0.0000 |
CD | 1 | 42,854.177 | 42,854.177 | 112.7517 | 0.0000 |
ACD | 1 | 9,539.593 | 9,539.593 | 25.0992 | 0.0000 |
BCD | 2 | 15,928.969 | 7,964.484 | 20.9550 | 0.0000 |
ABCD | 2 | 9,423.694 | 4,711.847 | 12.3971 | 0.0000 |
Error | 120 | 45,609.062 | 380.076 | ||
Total | 143 | 302,628.332 |