Tourism Impact Dimensions, Residents’ Quality of Life and Support for Tourism in Hunza Valley, Pakistan
, et | 29 juin 2022
À propos de cet article
Article Category: Research Article
Publié en ligne: 29 juin 2022
Pages: 195 - 209
Reçu: 04 août 2020
Accepté: 09 mars 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2021-0018
Mots clés
© 2022 Zaibunnisa Khan et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Research Instrument.
| Economic Impact | 8 | 1–5 | |
| Social Impact | 6 | 1–5 | |
| Cultural Impact | 7 | 1–5 | |
| Environmental Impact | 5 | 1–5 | |
| QOL | 22 | 1–5 | |
| Support for Tourism (SFT) | 6 | 1–5 | |
| Demographic variables | 7 | - |
Multicollinearity table for Tolerance, VIF, and Condition index.
| ECOI_AVG | .349 | 2.864 | 7.111 |
| SOCI_AVG | .474 | 2.109 | 9.469 |
| CULI_AVG | .543 | 1.842 | 12.083 |
| ENVI_AVG | .988 | 1.012 | 16.546 |
Discriminant Validity.
| ECOI | 0.7097 | |||||
| 0.4038 | ||||||
| 0.3636 | 0.4096 | |||||
| 0.0004 | 0.000576 | 0.0004 | ||||
| QOL | 0.7039 | 0.4019 | 0.2862 | 0.0003 | ||
| 0.664 | 0.2714 | 0.1892 | 0.000169 | 0.64 |
Regression weights for Direct Effect.
| QOL ← ECOI | .790 | .595 | .595 | 822.070 | 28.672 | .000 | Supported |
| QOL ← SCOI | .582 | .352 | .351 | 303.791 | 17.430 | .000 | Supported |
| QOL ← CULI | .482 | .251 | .250 | 187.726 | 13.701 | .000 | Supported |
| QOL ← ENVI | −0.05 | .001 | .000 | .821 | −.906 | .365 | Rejected |
| SFT ← QOL | .878 | .603 | 849.932 | 29.154 | .000 | .603 | Supported |
Respondents’ Profile.
| Male | 384 | 68.4 | |
| Female | 177 | 31.6 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
| Age | Under 30 | 25 | 4.5 |
| 31 – 45 | 187 | 33.3 | |
| 46 – 60 | 177 | 31.6 | |
| 61 – 75 | 97 | 17.3 | |
| above 76 | 75 | 13.4 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
| Education | Below Matriculation | 127 | 22.6 |
| Matriculation | 87 | 15.5 | |
| Intermediate | 90 | 16.0 | |
| Graduation | 138 | 24.6 | |
| Masters | 99 | 17.6 | |
| MS/M.Phil. | 3 | .5 | |
| Doctorate | 17 | 3.0 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
| Occupation Status | Retired/agribusiness | 59 | 10.5 |
| Businessman | 109 | 19.4 | |
| Govt. job | 65 | 11.6 | |
| Pvt. Job | 204 | 36.4 | |
| Tourism business | 112 | 20.0 | |
| Articrafts | 12 | 2.1 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
| Monthly Income | 20000 or less | 186 | 33.2 |
| 20001 – 40000 | 152 | 27.1 | |
| 40001 – 60000 | 84 | 15.0 | |
| 60001 – 80000 | 53 | 9.4 | |
| 80001 – 100000 | 28 | 5.0 | |
| over 100000 | 58 | 10.3 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
| Overall | 0% | 70 | 12.5 |
| Household | 1% – 30% | 405 | 72.2 |
| Income from | 31% – 60% | 72 | 12.8 |
| Tourism | 61% – 90% | 14 | 2.5 |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
| Years of Residency in Hunza Valley | 15 years or less | 75 | 13.4 |
| 16 – 30 | 323 | 57.6 | |
| 31 – 45 | 138 | 24.6 | |
| 46 – 60 | 20 | 3.6 | |
| above 61 | 5 | .9 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
Convergent Validity.
| ECOI | 8 | 50.369 | 0.7097 |
| SOCI | 6 | 59.700 | 0.7726 |
| CULI | 7 | 59.667 | 0.7724 |
| ENVI | 5 | 50.994 | 0.7141 |
| QOL | 22 | 53.363 | 0.7304 |
| SFT | 6 | 65.942 | 0.8120 |
Correlation Analysis.
| Pearson Correlation | .772 |
.660 |
|
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | |
| N | 561 | 561 | |
| Pearson Correlation | .593 |
.520 |
|
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | |
| N | 561 | 561 | |
| Pearson Correlation | .501 |
.432 |
|
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | |
| N | 561 | 561 | |
| Pearson Correlation | −.038 |
.051 | |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .365 | .714 | |
| N | 561 | 561 | |
| Pearson Correlation | - | .777 |
|
| Sig. (2-tailed) | - | .000 | |
| N | - | 561 | |
Pearson Correlations for Multicollinearity.
| ECOI_AVG | 1 | .615 | .567 | .014 |
| SOCI_AVG | .615 | 1 | .639 | .052 |
| CULI_AVG | .567 | .639 | 1 | .018 |
| ENVI_AVG | .014 | .052 | .018 | 1 |