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Figure 1
Clustering of Publications in the Scopus Science Metric Database for 2014–2022Source: Formed by the authors based on bibliographic data in the Scopus database
Figure 2
Correlation Matrix of the EU Socio-economic Development Indicators Under StudyNote. ID1, integral index for group ‘economy and environment’; integral index for ID2, group ‘business and trade’; integral index for ID3, group ‘people and work’; ID, a complex integral indicator of the three groupsSource: Formed by the authors
Figure 3
Map of Changes in the EU Socio-economic Development Indicators Against the Background of the War in Ukraine (February–September 2022)Note. ID1, integral index of economy and environment; ID2, integral index of business and trade; ID3, integral index of people and work; ID, complex index of socio-economic developmentSource: Formed by the authors
Figure 4
Dendrogram of EU Country Clustering by Socio-economic Development Indicators Against the Backdrop of the War in Ukraine (September 2022)Source: Formed by the authors
Initial Data on Indicators of Business and Tradea
Country
PI
RNB
DB
PS
PC
TVS
TN
EX
IM
MB
Belgium
7.6
−1.5
−14.7
–
−1.1
1.0
4.11
−7.9
−3.2
194.7
Austria
−2.2
–
–
–
−0.8
4.5
1.47
−0.9
0.1
124.9
Bulgaria
−2.6
3.1
−10.9
0.3
0.2
0.1
−18.55
2.8
10.9
135.4
Croatia
0.4
1.3
1.6
−1.1
7.42
−12.8
−7.4
148.6
Cyprus
−1.0
–
–
–
–
0.8
−8.09
34.0
−10.5
180.6
Czech Republic
0.0
–
–
−1.2
−1.7
0.9
−4.97
−2.4
2.5
144.0
Denmark
2.0
1.9
−11.1
0.8
−0.8
20.89
−0.3
−4.9
134.3
Estonia
−3.6
−5.4
−21.3
4.2
–
−0.2
−13.16
−1.2
−2.2
172.6
Finland
1.4
–
–
0.4
0.2
0.7
1.12
−1.7
−10.1
92.5
France
−0.9
8.3
10.9
−0.6
1.1
1.3
3.34
−2.3
0.6
77.6
Germany
1.3
−1.9
−2.3
0.5
0.4
1.5
−0.3
−0.5
−1.2
102.0
Greece
−4.9
–
–
–
–
−1.2
−3.51
3.7
2.3
114.7
Hungary
1.3
8.0
110.6
−1.1
2.4
0.4
−14.17
−3.0
3.6
187.7
Ireland
6.6
−35.6
–
–
–
−1.8
−4.4
−2.5
240.5
Italy
−1.8
−3.5
−8.0
1.1
−0.3
−1.66
−0.8
−4.5
79.1
Latvia
−0.8
−1.4
1.7
3.5
−
1.2
−24.96
−9.3
2.9
151.0
Lithuania
−7.2
−1.0
4.0
0.1
−
0.7
−16.88
−3.4
2.6
176.2
Luxembourg
1.9
−3.6
−10.9
−2.1
3.4
10.66
0.0
−1.6
360.9
Malta
1.0
–
–
–
–
1.6
−11.8
−6.8
−14.0
274.9
Netherlands
1.7
6.6
12.0
–
1.3
1.4
9.06
−0.5
0.0
182.5
Poland
−0.2
6.2
−5.1
7.3
−5.8
1.8
−0.35
0.9
1.4
124.7
Portugal
−2.1
6.8
−2.9
−2.8
−1.9
−0.05
−1.3
−5.9
109.5
Romania
−0.5
13.8
−36–1
2.5
3.9
−0.7
−21.54
−3.8
−2.9
88.2
Slovakia
−0.7
−8.7
−18.9
−1.4
−0.5
−1.2
−17.88
−0.9
4.0
189.3
Slovenia
−0.4
−4.8
−16.9
−0.7
−0.4
−3.5
1.34
−17.0
−6.8
176.8
Spain
−0.5
−4.0
66.1
−2.0
0.4
−2.48
−0.5
−1.6
85.6
Sweden
1.7
–
–
2.3
2.2
−0.7
4.12
−0.1
0.0
102.5
Initial Data on Indicators of People and Worka
Country
EM
UE
LM
TE
YP
UTE
UTI
Belgium
6.80
5.90
10.60
71.40
9.50
21.70
23.10
Austria
13.70
4.20
9.50
77.60
8.60
38.60
21.10
Bulgaria
−7.00
4.50
7.70
75.00
15.00
9.20
9.00
Croatia
1.50
6.30
11.40
69.50
12.80
21.20
15.30
Cyprus
6.80
7.30
12.30
77.80
14.50
21.50
5.00
Czech Republic
2.10
2.40
4.80
81.60
11.50
26.70
10.80
Denmark
10.80
4.30
7.50
80.60
7.00
48.80
17.00
Estonia
17.60
5.80
8.40
81.90
10.00
33.20
19.10
Finland
10.10
6.80
12.40
78.40
9.30
32.40
21.20
France
6.60
7.60
14.00
73.90
12.00
28.10
22.40
Germany
11.60
3.00
6.20
81.40
8.00
32.70
24.60
Greece
6.80
12,40
17,70
66,60
15,40
14,10
15,70
Hungary
2.50
3.10
5.10
80.20
10.40
24.00
20.70
Ireland
12.20
4.20
9.70
78.90
8.40
36.60
27.90
Italy
6.30
8.00
19.10
64.80
20.20
17.60
38.70
Latvia
6.60
6.40
10.70
77.30
11.10
31.80
27.10
Lithuania
4.60
5.40
8.50
79.60
10.10
31.,40
13.90
Luxembourg
8.80
4.30
9.80
75.20
6.10
30.90
22.90
Malta
17.00
2.90
4.10
81.20
7.10
13.80
15.90
Netherlands
13.90
3.40
8.70
82.90
5.00
41.10
25.40
Poland
7.20
2.70
4.60
76.90
11.00
17.30
29.60
Portugal
24.40
6.00
11.10
77.40
8.50
24.10
21.20
Romania
−7.10
5.40
8.40
68.40
20.60
14.90
15.00
Slovakia
7.70
6.10
7.30
77.30
12.10
11.60
0.80
Slovenia
10.70
4.40
6.80
77.80
9.00
26.10
30.20
Spain
16.30
12.60
20.20
69.90
11.80
25.90
20.10
Sweden
4.60
7.60
12.10
82.30
5.30
29.00
19.90
Modelling Government Gross Debt (% of GDP) Against the Backdrop of the War in Ukraine
Factor
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
Model 5
(Intercept)
65.45***
70.39***
70.39***
69.08***
70.87***
(0.86)
(1.93)
(1.91)
(1.83)
(1.73)
GDP
2.65*
−2.33
−2.39
−2.66
–
(1.16)
(2.39)
(2.33)
(2.14)
–
HICP
−5.22*
−11.86***
−11.81***
−10.67***
−5.72**
(2.56)
(3.15)
(3.08)
(2.93)
(2.05)
ES
5.50**
2.16
2.14
3.28
4.35*
(1.80)
(2.74)
(2.64)
(2.41)
(2.01)
AQ
4.12
−1.68
−1.66
–
–
(2.19)
(2.88)
(2.83)
–
–
CF
14.50***
9.72***
9.60***
9.67***
10.56***
(1.74)
(2.78)
(2.68)
(2.48)
(1.92)
EA
−7.76***
−0.41
–
–
–
(1.41)
(2.16)
–
–
–
NFA
1.29
−10.07**
−10.08***
−10.07***
−7.76***
(2.23)
(3.00)
(2.93)
(2.71)
(1.86)
PI
0.50
−0.34
–
–
–
(1.09)
(2.06)
–
–
–
RNB
0.39
1.10
1.18
–
–
(1.45)
(2.36)
(2.26)
–
–
DB
4.17**
2.45
2.41
2.51
–
(1.27)
(2.28)
(2.20)
(2.04)
–
PS
−1.59
–
–
–
–
(1.07)
–
–
–
–
PC
−0.29
–
–
–
–
(0.99)
–
–
–
–
TVS
1.23
1.50
1.52
–
–
(1.24)
(2.30)
(2.21)
–
–
TN
−5.94**
−8.30*
−8.23**
−6.13*
–
(1.76)
(3.23)
(3.12)
(2.91)
–
EX
0.08
–
–
–
–
(1.08)
–
–
–
–
IM
−1.73
0.19
–
–
–
(1.06)
(2.14)
–
–
–
MB
18.67***
−11.46***
−11.45***
−10.58***
−9.10***
(2.81)
(2.55)
(2.50)
(2.35)
(1.96)
EM
3.31**
2.83
2.79
2.50
–
(1.19)
(2.16)
(2.09)
(2.00)
–
LM
21.35***
10.92***
11.06***
10.49***
16.23***
(3.11)
(2.90)
(2.74)
(2.46)
(2.16)
YP
−16.56***
−7.09*
−7.08*
−6.10*
–
(2.02)
(3.18)
(3.13)
(2.86)
–
UTI
11.54***
8.38***
8.29***
7.41***
–
(2.10)
(2.42)
(2.37)
(2.13)
–
N
61
133
133
140
216
R2
0.95
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.61
Initial Data on the Economy and Environmental Indicatorsa