[1. Whiteford HA, Ferrari AJ, Degenhardt L et al. The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: an analysis from the global burden of disease study. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10: e0116820.10.1371/journal.pone.0116820]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Chisholm D, Sweeny K, Sheehan P et al. Scaling-up treatment of depression and anxiety: a global return on investment analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016; 3: 415-424.10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30024-4]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Jorm AF, Patten SB, Brugha TS et al. Is the increased provision of treatment reduced the prevalence of common mental disorders? Review of the evidence from four countries. World Psychiatry. 2017; 16: 90-99.10.1002/wps.20388]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Jacka FN, Cherbuin N, Anstey KJ et al. Does reverse causality explain the relationship between diet and depression? J Affect Disord. 2015; 175: 248-250.]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Morris MS, Fava M, Jacques PF et al. Depression and folate status in the US population. Psychother Psychosom. 2003; 72 (2): 80-87.10.1159/000068692]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Sanchez Villegas A, Delgado RodrÃguez M, Alonso A et al. Association of the mediterranean dietary pattern with the incidence of depression: the seguimiento universidad de navarra/university of navarra follow-up (sun) cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009; 66 (10): 1090-1098.10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.129]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Masoro EJ. Subfield history: caloric restriction, slowing aging, and extending life. Sci Aging Knowledge Environ. 2003; 8: RE2.10.1126/sageke.2003.8.re2]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Mattson MP, Wan R. Beneficial effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. J Nutr Biochem. 2005; 16(3):129-137.10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.12.007]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Bruce-Keller AJ, Umberger G, McFall R et al. Food restriction reduces brain damage and improves behavioral outcome following excitotoxic and metabolic insults. Ann Neurol. 1999; 45(1):8-15.10.1002/1531-8249(199901)45:1<8::AID-ART4>3.0.CO;2-V]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Lutter M, KrishnanV, Russo SJ et al. Orexin signaling mediates the antidepressant-like effect of calorie restriction. J Neurosci. 2008; 28(12): 3071-3075.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5584-07.2008]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Taormina G, Mirisola MG. Calorie restriction in mammals and simple model organisms. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 6:1-10.10.1155/2014/308690]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Singh Kalra RR, Fults DW. Preuss award 121 leptomeningeal dissemination cascade in medulloblastoma. Neurosurgery. 2014; 61(Suppl 1):198-9.10.1227/01.neu.0000452395.39167.27]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Lee J, Duan W, Mattson MP. Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for basal neurogenesis and mediates, in part, the enhancement of neurogenesis by dietary restriction in the hippocampus of adult mice. J Neurochem. 2002;82(6): 1367-75.10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01085.x]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Green MW, Elliman NA, Rogers PJ. Lack of effect of short-term fasting on cognitive function. J Psychiatr Res. 1995; 29(3): 245-53.10.1016/0022-3956(95)00009-T]Search in Google Scholar
[15. West, R.L. An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychol Bull. 1996; 120: 272-292.10.1037/0033-2909.120.2.272]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Willette, AA, Coe CL, Birdsill AC et al. Interleukin-8 and inter-leukin-10 brain volume and microstructure, and the influence of calorie restriction in old rhesus macaques. Age (Dordr). 2013; 35: 2215-2227.10.1007/s11357-013-9518-y]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Moroi-Fetters SE, Mervis RF, London ED et al. Dietary restriction suppresses age-related changes in dendritic spines. Neurobiol Aging. 1989; 10: 317-322.10.1016/0197-4580(89)90042-0]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Guo J, Bakshi V, Lin AL. Early shifts of brain metabolism by caloric restriction preserve white matter integrity and long-term memory in aging mice. Front Aging. 2015; 7: 213-220.10.3389/fnagi.2015.00213464312526617514]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Parikh I, Guo J, Chuang KH et al. Caloric restriction preserves memory and reduces anxiety of aging mice with early enhancement of neurovascular functions. Aging (Albany NY). 2016; 8: 2814-2826.10.18632/aging.101094519187227829242]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Wahl D, Cogger VC, Solon-Biet SM et al. Nutritional strategies to optimise cognitive function in the aging brain. Ageing Res Rev. 2016; 31: 80-92.10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.006503558927355990]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Witte AV, Fobker M, Gellner R et al. Caloric restriction improves memory in elderly humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A. 2009; 106: 1255-1260.]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Redman LM, Ravussin E. Caloric restriction in humans: impact on physiological, psychological, and behavioral outcomes. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011; 14: 228-275.]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Mattson MP. Challenging oneself intermittently to improve health. Dose Response. 2014; 12(4): 600-18.10.2203/dose-response.14-028.Mattson426745225552960]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Mattson MP, Wan R. Beneficial effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. J Nutr Biochem. 2005; 16(3): 129-37.10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.12.007]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Green MW, Rogers PJ, Elliman NA et al. Impairment of cognitive performance associated with dieting and high levels of dietary restraint. Physiol Behav. 1994; 55(3): 447-52.10.1016/0031-9384(94)90099-X]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Rogers PJ, Green MW. Dieting, dietary restraint and cognitive performance. Br J Clin Psychol. 1993; 32(Pt 1):113-6.10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01034.x8467272]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Meeusen R. Exercise, nutrition and the brain. Sports Med. 2014; 44(Suppl 1): 47-56.10.1007/s40279-014-0150-5400882824791916]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Mattson MP. Lifelong brain health is a lifelong challenge: From evolutionary principles to empirical evidence. Ageing Res Rev. 2015; 20: 37-45.10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.011434644125576651]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Moreno-Dominguez S, Rodriguez-Ruiz S, Fernandez-Santaella MC et al. Impact of fasting on food craving, mood and consumption in bulimia nervosa and healthy women participants. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012; 20(6): 461-467.10.1002/erv.218722764071]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Hussin NM, Shahar S, Teng, NI et al. Efficacy of fasting and calorie restriction (FCR) on mood and depression among ageing men. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013; 17(8): 674-680.10.1007/s12603-013-0344-924097021]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Michalsen A, Weidenhammer W, Melchart D et al. Short-term therapeutic fasting in the treatment of chronic pain and fatigue syndromes--well-being and side effects with and without mineral supplements. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2002; 9(4): 221-227.]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Michalsen A, Frey UH, Merse S et al. Hunger and mood during extended fasting are dependent on the GNB3 C825T polymorphism. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009; 54(3): 184-188.10.1159/00021781519420911]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Govic A, Levay EA, Kent S et al. The social behavior of male rats administered an adult-onset calorie restriction regimen. Physiol Behav. 2009; 96(4-5): 581-585.10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.12.01219150618]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Duan W, Guo Z, Jiang H et al. Dietary restriction normalizes glucose metabolism and BDNF levels, slows disease progression, and increases survival in huntingtin mutant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003; 100: 2911-6.10.1073/pnas.053685610015144012589027]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Parikh I, Guo J, Chuang KH et al. Caloric restriction preserves memory and reduces anxiety of aging mice with early enhancement of neurovascular functions. Aging (Albany NY). 2016; 8: 2814-26.10.18632/aging.101094519187227829242]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Moore MN, Shaw JP, Ferrar Adams DR et al. Anti-oxidative cellular protection effect of fasting-induced autophagy as a mechanism for hormesis. Mar Environ Res. 2015; 107: 35-44.10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.04.00125881010]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Hempenstall S, Picchio L, Mitchell SE et al. The impact of acute caloric restriction on the metabolic phenotype in male C57BL/and DBA/2 mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 2010; 131: 111-8.10.1016/j.mad.2009.12.00820064544]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Dhahbi JM, Kim HJ, Mote PL et al. Temporal linkage between the phenotypic and genomic responses to caloric restriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101: 5524-9.10.1073/pnas.030530010139741615044709]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Koubova J, Guarente L. How does calorie restriction work? Genes Dev. 2003; 17: 313-321.]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Fusco S, Pani G. Brain response to calorie restriction. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2013; 70: 3157-3170.10.1007/s00018-012-1223-y23269433]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Banks WA. Blood–brain barrier and energy balance. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14, 234-237.]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Wolfgang MJ, Cha SH, Sidhaye A et al. Regulation of hypothalamic malonyl- CoA by central glucose and leptin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A. 2007; 104: 19285-19290.]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Garelick MG, Kennedy BK. TOR on the brain. Exp Gerontol. 2011; 46: 155-163.10.1016/j.exger.2010.08.030343228620849946]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Dong W, Wang R, Ma LN et al. Influence of age-related learning and memory capacity of mice: different effects of a high and low caloric diet. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016; 28: 303-311.10.1007/s40520-015-0398-026138818]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Fusco S, Pani G. Brain response to calorie restriction. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2013; 70: 3157-3170.10.1007/s00018-012-1223-y]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Satoh A, Brace CS, Ben-Josef G et al. SIRT1 promotes the central adaptive response to diet restriction through activation of the dorso medial and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus. J Neurosci. 2010; 30: 10220-10232.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1385-10.2010292285120668205]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Hadem IKH, Sharma R. Differential regulation of hippocampal IGF-1-associated signaling proteins by dietary restriction in aging mouse. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2017; 37: 985-993.10.1007/s10571-016-0431-727718093]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Harris GC, Wimmer M, Aston-Jones. The role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking. Nature. 2005; 437(7058): 556-559.10.1038/nature0407116100511]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Estabrooke IV, McCarthy MT, Ko E et al. Fos expression in orexin neurons varies with behavioral state. J Neurosci. 2001; 21(5): 1656-1662.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-05-01656.2001]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Mayr B, Montminy M. Transcriptional regulation by the phosphorylation-dependent factor CREB. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001; 2(August (8): 599-609.10.1038/3508506811483993]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Altarejos JY, Montminy M. CREB and the CRTC co-activators: sensors forhormonal and metabolic signals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011; 12(March(3): 141-51.10.1038/nrm3072432455521346730]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Seok S, Fu T, Choi SE et al. Transcriptional regulation ofautophagy by an FXR-CREB axis. Nature 2014; 516(December (7529): 108-11.10.1038/nature13949425789925383523]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Fusco S, Ripoli C, Podda MV et al. A role for neuronal cAMP responsiveelement binding (CREB)-1 in brain responses to calorie restriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A. 2012; 109(2): 621-626.]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Castren E, Voikar V, Rantamaki T. Role of neurotrophic factors in depression. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2007; 7(1): 18-21.10.1016/j.coph.2006.08.00917049922]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Huang EJ, Reichardt LF. Trk receptors: roles in neuronal signal transduction. Annu Rev Biochem. 2003; 72: 609-642.10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.16162912676795]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Araya AV, Orellana X, Espinoza J. Evaluation of the effect of caloric restriction on serum BDNF in overweight and obese subjects: preliminary evidences. Endocrine. 2008; 33(3): 300-304.10.1007/s12020-008-9090-x19012000]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Amorosi M. Correlation between sport and depression. Psychiatr Danub. 2014; 26 Suppl 1: 208-210.]Search in Google Scholar
[58. Molina PE, Hashiguchi Y, Meijerink WJ et al. Modulation of endogenous opiate production: effect of fasting. Biochem. Biophys Res Commun. 1995; 207(1): 312-317.10.1006/bbrc.1995.11897857282]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Maalouf M, Rho JM, Mattson MP. The neuroprotective properties of calorie restriction, the ketogenic diet, and ketone bodies. Brain Res Rev. 2009; 59(2): 293-315.10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.09.002264968218845187]Search in Google Scholar
[60. Sankowski R, Mader S, Valdes-Ferrer SI. Systemic inflammation and the brain: Novel roles of genetic, molecular, and environmental cues as drivers of neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015; 9: 28.10.3389/fncel.2015.00028]Search in Google Scholar
[61. Di Benedetto S, Muller L, Wenger, E. Contribution of neuroinflammation and immunity to brain aging and the mitigating effects of physical and cognitive interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017; 75: 114-128.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.044]Search in Google Scholar
[62. Van Cauwenberghe C, Vandendriessche C, Libert C. Caloric restriction: Beneficial effects on brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Mamm Genome. 2016; 27: 300-319.10.1007/s00335-016-9647-6]Search in Google Scholar
[63. Lee CK, Weindruch R, Prolla TA. Gene-expression profile of the ageing brain in mice. Nat Genet. 2000; 25: 294-297.10.1038/77046]Search in Google Scholar
[64. Mulrooney TJ, Marsh J, Urits I et al. Influence of caloric restriction on constitutive expression of NF-kappaB in an experimental mouse astrocytoma. PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e18085.10.1371/journal.pone.0018085]Search in Google Scholar
[65. Yeung F, Hoberg JE, Ramsey CS et al. Modulation of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription and cell survival by the SIRT1 deacetylase. EMBO J. 2004; 23: 2369-2380.10.1038/sj.emboj.7600244]Search in Google Scholar
[66. Spaulding CC, Walford RL, Effros RB. Calorie restriction inhibits the age-related dysregulation of the cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 in C3B10RF1 mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 1997; 93: 87-94.10.1016/S0047-6374(96)01824-6]Search in Google Scholar
[67. Satoh A, Brace CS, Ben-Josef G et al. SIRT1 promotes the central adaptive response to diet restriction through activation of the dorsomedial and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus. J Neurosci. 2010; 30: 10220-10232.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1385-10.2010292285120668205]Search in Google Scholar
[68. Vasconcelos AR, Cabral-Costa JV, Mazucanti CH et al. The Role of Steroid Hormones in the Modulation of Neuroinflammation by Dietary Interventions. Front Endocrinol. (Lausanne) 2016; 7: 9.]Search in Google Scholar
[69. Wood JG, Rogina B, Lavu S et al. Sirtuin activators mimic caloric restriction and delay ageing in metazoans. Nature. 2004; 430: 686-689.10.1038/nature0278915254550]Search in Google Scholar
[70. Sinclair DA. Toward a unified theory of caloric restriction and longevity regulation. Mech Ageing Dev. 2005; 126: 987-1002.10.1016/j.mad.2005.03.01915893363]Search in Google Scholar
[71. Bass TM, Weinkove D, Houthoofd K et al. Effects of resveratrol on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Mech Ageing Dev. 2007; 128: 546-552.10.1016/j.mad.2007.07.00717875315]Search in Google Scholar
[72. Kaeberlein M, McDonagh T, Heltweg B et al. Substrate-specific activation of sirtuins by resveratrol. J Biol Chem. 2005; 280: 17038-17045.10.1074/jbc.M50065520015684413]Search in Google Scholar
[73. Vellai T, Takacs-Vellai K, Zhang Y et al. Genetics: influence of TOR kinase on lifespan in C. elegans. Nature. 2003; 426: 620.10.1038/426620a14668850]Search in Google Scholar
[74. Harrison DE, Strong R, Sharp ZD et al. Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice. Nature. 2009; 460: 392-395.10.1038/nature08221278617519587680]Search in Google Scholar
[75. Blattler SM, Cunningham JT, Verdeguer F et al. Yin Yang 1 deficiency in skeletal muscle protects against rapamycin-induced diabetic-like symptoms through activation of insulin/ IGF signaling. Cell Metab. 2012; 15: 505-517.10.1016/j.cmet.2012.03.008332478422482732]Search in Google Scholar
[76. To K, Yamaza H, Komatsu T et al. Down-regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by calorie restriction in rat liver. Exp Gerontol. 2007; 42: 1063-1071.10.1016/j.exger.2007.07.00317709221]Search in Google Scholar
[77. Dhahbi JM, Mote PL, Fahy GM. Identification of potential caloric restriction mimetics by microarray profiling. Physiol Genomics. 2005; 23: 343-350.10.1152/physiolgenomics.00069.200516189280]Search in Google Scholar
[78. Onken B, Driscoll M. Metformin induces a dietary restriction-like state and the oxidative stress response to extend C. elegans Healthspan via AMPK, LKB1, and SKN-1. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e8758.10.1371/journal.pone.0008758280745820090912]Search in Google Scholar