Type I interferon therapies of multiple sclerosis and hepatitis C virus infection

[1]Dorner F., Scriba M., Weil R.: Interferon: Evidence for its glyco-protein nature. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1973; 70: 1,981–1,985Dorner F. Scriba M. Weil R. Interferon: Evidence for its glyco-protein nature Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1973 70 1,981 1,98510.1073/pnas.70.7.1981Search in Google Scholar

[2]Isaacs A., Lindenmann J.: Virus interference. I. The Interferon. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 1957; 147: 258–267Isaacs A. Lindenmann J. Virus interference I. The Interferon. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci 1957 147 258 26710.1098/rspb.1957.0048Search in Google Scholar

[3]Interferon nomenclature. Nature, 1980; 286: 110Interferon nomenclature Nature 1980 286 11010.1038/286110a0Search in Google Scholar

[4]Havell E.A., Berman B., Ogburn C.A., Berg K., Paucker K., Vilcek J.: Two antigenically distinct species of human interferon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1975; 72: 2185–2187Havell E.A. Berman B. Ogburn C.A. Berg K. Paucker K. Vilcek J. Two antigenically distinct species of human interferon Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1975 72 2185 218710.1073/pnas.72.6.2185Search in Google Scholar

[5]Wheelock E.F.: Interferon-like virus-inhibitor induced in human leukocytes by phytohemagglutinin. Science, 1965; 149: 310–311Wheelock E.F. Interferon-like virus-inhibitor induced in human leukocytes by phytohemagglutinin Science 1965 149 310 31110.1126/science.149.3681.310Search in Google Scholar

[6]Taniguchi T., Mantei N., Schwarzstein M., Nagata S., Muramatsu M., Weissmann C.: Human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons are structurally related. Nature, 1980; 285: 547–549Taniguchi T. Mantei N. Schwarzstein M. Nagata S. Muramatsu M. Weissmann C. Human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons are structurally related Nature 1980 285 547 54910.1038/285547a0Search in Google Scholar

[7]Kotenko S.V., Gallagher G., Baurin V.V., Lewis-Antes A., Shen M., Shah N.K., Langer J.A., Sheikh F., Dickensheets H., Donnelly R.P.: IFN-λs mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complex. Nat. Immunol., 2003; 4: 69–77Kotenko S.V. Gallagher G. Baurin V.V. Lewis-Antes A. Shen M. Shah N.K. Langer J.A. Sheikh F. Dickensheets H. Donnelly R.P. IFN-λs mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complex Nat. Immunol 2003 4 69 7710.1038/ni875Search in Google Scholar

[8]Uddin S., Majchrzak B., Woodson J., Arunkumar P., Alsayed Y., Pine R., Young P.R., Fish E.N., Platanias L.C.: Activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by type I interferons. J. Biol. Chem., 1999; 274: 30,127–30,131Uddin S. Majchrzak B. Woodson J. Arunkumar P. Alsayed Y. Pine R. Young P.R. Fish E.N. Platanias L.C. Activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by type I interferons J. Biol. Chem 1999 274 30,127 30,13110.1074/jbc.274.42.30127Search in Google Scholar

[9]Darnell J.E. Jr., Kerr I.M., Stark G.R.: Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science, 1994; 264: 1,415–1,421Darnell J.E. Jr. Kerr I.M. Stark G.R. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins Science 1994 264 1,415 1,42110.1126/science.8197455Search in Google Scholar

[10]Colamonici O.R., D’alessandrot F., Diaz M.O., Gregory S.A., Neckerst L.M., Nordant R.: Characterization of three monoclonal antibodies that recognize the interferon α2 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1990; 87: 7,230–7,234Colamonici O.R. D’alessandrot F. Diaz M.O. Gregory S.A. Neckerst L.M. Nordant R. Characterization of three monoclonal antibodies that recognize the interferon α2 receptor Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990 87 7,230 7,23410.1073/pnas.87.18.7230Search in Google Scholar

[11]Colamonici O.R., Domanski P.: Identification of a novel subunit of the type I interferon receptor localized to human chromosome 21. J. Biol. Chem., 1993; 268: 10,895–10,899Colamonici O.R. Domanski P. Identification of a novel subunit of the type I interferon receptor localized to human chromosome 21 J. Biol. Chem 1993 268 10,895 10,89910.1016/S0021-9258(18)82069-5Search in Google Scholar

[12]Colamonici O.R., Uyttendaelen H., Domanski P., Yan H., Krolewski J.J.: p135tyk2, an interferon-alpha-activated tyrosine kinase, is physically associated with an interferon-alpha receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 1994; 269: 3,518–3,522Colamonici O.R. Uyttendaelen H. Domanski P. Yan H. Krolewski J.J. p135tyk2, an interferon-alpha-activated tyrosine kinase, is physically associated with an interferon-alpha receptor J. Biol. Chem 1994 269 3,518 3,52210.1016/S0021-9258(17)41893-XSearch in Google Scholar

[13]Colamonici O., Yan H., Domanski P., Handa R., Smalley D., Mullersman J., Witte M., Krishnan K., Krolewski J.J.: Direct binding to and tyrosine phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of the type I interferon receptor by p135tyk2 tyrosine kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1994; 14: 8,133–8,142Colamonici O. Yan H. Domanski P. Handa R. Smalley D. Mullersman J. Witte M. Krishnan K. Krolewski J.J. Direct binding to and tyrosine phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of the type I interferon receptor by p135tyk2 tyrosine kinase Mol. Cell. Biol 1994 14 8,133 8,14210.1128/mcb.14.12.8133-8142.1994Search in Google Scholar

[14]Domanski P., Fish E., Nadeau O.W., Witte M., Platanias L.C., Yan H., Krolewski J.J., Pitha P., Colamonici O.R.: A region of the β subunit of the interferon α receptor different from Box 1 interacts with Jak1 and is sufficient to activate the Jak-Stat pathway and induce an antiviral state. J. Biol. Chem., 1997; 272: 26,388–26,393Domanski P. Fish E. Nadeau O.W. Witte M. Platanias L.C. Yan H. Krolewski J.J. Pitha P. Colamonici O.R. A region of the β subunit of the interferon α receptor different from Box 1 interacts with Jak1 and is sufficient to activate the Jak-Stat pathway and induce an antiviral state J. Biol. Chem 1997 272 26,388 26,39310.1074/jbc.272.42.26388Search in Google Scholar

[15]Novick D., Cohen B., Rubinstein M.: The human interferon α/β receptor: Characterization and molecular cloning. Cell, 1994; 77: 391–400Novick D. Cohen B. Rubinstein M. The human interferon α/β receptor: Characterization and molecular cloning Cell 1994 77 391 40010.1016/1043-4666(94)90174-0Search in Google Scholar

[16]Yan H., Krishnan K., Greenlund A.C., Gupta S., Lim J.T., Schreiber R.D., Schindler C.W., Krolewski J.J.: Phosphorylated interferon-alpha receptor 1 subunit (IFNaR1) acts as a docking site for the latent form of the 113 kDa STAT2 protein. EMBO J., 1996; 15: 1,064–1,074Yan H. Krishnan K. Greenlund A.C. Gupta S. Lim J.T. Schreiber R.D. Schindler C.W. Krolewski J.J. Phosphorylated interferon-alpha receptor 1 subunit (IFNaR1) acts as a docking site for the latent form of the 113 kDa STAT2 protein EMBO J 1996 15 1,064 1,07410.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00444.xSearch in Google Scholar

[17]Gauzzi M.C., Velazquez L., McKendry R., Mogensen K.E., Fellous M., Pellegrini S.: Interferon-α-dependent activation of Tyk2 requires phosphorylation of positive regulatory tyrosines by another kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 1996; 271: 20,494–20,500Gauzzi M.C. Velazquez L. McKendry R. Mogensen K.E. Fellous M. Pellegrini S. Interferon-α-dependent activation of Tyk2 requires phosphorylation of positive regulatory tyrosines by another kinase J. Biol. Chem 1996 271 20,494 20,50010.1074/jbc.271.34.20494Search in Google Scholar

[18]Shuai K., Horvath C.M., Tsai Huang L.H., Qureshi S.A., Cowburn D., Darnell J.E.Jr.: Interferon activation of the transcription factor Stat91 involves dimerization through SH2-phosphotyrosyl peptide interactions. Cell, 1994; 76: 821–828Shuai K. Horvath C.M. Tsai Huang L.H. Qureshi S.A. Cowburn D. Darnell J.E.Jr. Interferon activation of the transcription factor Stat91 involves dimerization through SH2-phosphotyrosyl peptide interactions Cell 1994 76 821 82810.1016/0092-8674(94)90357-3Search in Google Scholar

[19]Yang C.H., Shi W., Basu L., Murti A., Constantinescu S.N., Blatt L., Croze E., Mullersman J.E., Pfeffer L.M.: Direct association of STAT3 with the IFNAR-1 chain of the human type I interferon receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 1996; 271: 8,057–8,061Yang C.H. Shi W. Basu L. Murti A. Constantinescu S.N. Blatt L. Croze E. Mullersman J.E. Pfeffer L.M. Direct association of STAT3 with the IFNAR-1 chain of the human type I interferon receptor J. Biol. Chem 1996 271 8,057 8,06110.1074/jbc.271.14.80578626489Search in Google Scholar

[20]Nguyen K.B., Watford W.T., Salomon R., Hofmann S.R., Pien G.C., Morinobu A., Gadina M., O’Shea J.J., Biron C.A.: Critical role for STAT4 activation by type 1 interferons in the interferon-γ response to viral infection. Science, 2002; 297: 2,063–2,066Nguyen K.B. Watford W.T. Salomon R. Hofmann S.R. Pien G.C. Morinobu A. Gadina M. O’Shea J.J. Biron C.A. Critical role for STAT4 activation by type 1 interferons in the interferon-γ response to viral infection Science 2002 297 2,063 2,06610.1126/science.107490012242445Search in Google Scholar

[21]Meinke A., Barahmand-Pour F., Wöhrl S., Stoiber D., Decker T.: Activation of different Stat5 isoforms contributes to cell-type-restricted signaling in response to interferons. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1996; 16: 6,937–6,944Meinke A. Barahmand-Pour F. Wöhrl S. Stoiber D. Decker T. Activation of different Stat5 isoforms contributes to cell-type-restricted signaling in response to interferons Mol. Cell. Biol 1996 16 6,937 6,94410.1128/MCB.16.12.69372316978943349Search in Google Scholar

[22]Gupta S., Jiang M., Pernis A.B.: IFN-α activates Stat6 and leads to the formation of Stat2:Stat6 complexes in B cells. J. Immunol., 1999; 163: 3,834–3,841Gupta S. Jiang M. Pernis A.B. IFN-α activates Stat6 and leads to the formation of Stat2:Stat6 complexes in B cells J. Immunol 1999 163 3,834 3,84110.4049/jimmunol.163.7.3834Search in Google Scholar

[23]Platanias L.C., Sweet M.E.: Interferon alpha induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the vav proto-oncogene product in hematopoietic cells. J. Biol. Chem., 1994; 269: 3,143–3,146Platanias L.C. Sweet M.E. Interferon alpha induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the vav proto-oncogene product in hematopoietic cells J. Biol. Chem 1994 269 3,143 3,14610.1016/S0021-9258(17)41839-4Search in Google Scholar

[24]Uddin S., Sweet M., Colmonici O.R., Krolewski J.J., Platanias L.C.: The vav proto-oncogene product (p95^vav interacts with the Tyk-2 protein tyrosine kinase. FEBS Lett., 1997; 403: 31–34Uddin S. Sweet M. Colmonici O.R. Krolewski J.J. Platanias L.C. The vav proto-oncogene product (p95^vav interacts with the Tyk-2 protein tyrosine kinase FEBS Lett 1997 403 31 3410.1016/S0014-5793(97)00023-9Search in Google Scholar

[25]Uddin S., Lekmine F., Sharma N., Majchrzak B., Mayer I., Young P.R., Bokoch G.M., Fish E.N., Platanias L.C.: The Rac1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is required for interferon α-dependent transcriptional activation but not serine phosphorylation of Stat proteins. J. Biol. Chem., 2000; 275: 27,634–27,640Uddin S. Lekmine F. Sharma N. Majchrzak B. Mayer I. Young P.R. Bokoch G.M. Fish E.N. Platanias L.C. The Rac1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is required for interferon α-dependent transcriptional activation but not serine phosphorylation of Stat proteins J. Biol. Chem 2000 275 27,634 27,64010.1074/jbc.M003170200Search in Google Scholar

[26]Murphy L.O., Smith S., Chen R.H., Fingar D.C., Blenis J.: Molecular interpretation of ERK signal duration by immediate early gene products. Nat. Cell Biol., 2002; 4: 556–564Murphy L.O. Smith S. Chen R.H. Fingar D.C. Blenis J. Molecular interpretation of ERK signal duration by immediate early gene products Nat. Cell Biol 2002 4 556 56410.1038/ncb822Search in Google Scholar

[27]Yang B.S., Hauser C.A., Henkel G., Colman M.S., Van Beveren C., Stacey K.J., Hume D.A., Maki R.A., Ostrowski M.C.: Ras-mediated phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue enhances the transactivation activities of c-Ets1 and c-Ets2. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1996; 16: 538–547Yang B.S. Hauser C.A. Henkel G. Colman M.S. Van Beveren C. Stacey K.J. Hume D.A. Maki R.A. Ostrowski M.C. Ras-mediated phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue enhances the transactivation activities of c-Ets1 and c-Ets2 Mol. Cell. Biol 1996 16 538 54710.1128/MCB.16.2.538Search in Google Scholar

[28]Gille H., Sharrocks A.D., Shaw P.E.: Phosphorylation of transcription factor p62TCF by MAP kinase stimulates ternary complex formation at c-fos promoter. Nature, 1992; 358: 414–417Gille H. Sharrocks A.D. Shaw P.E. Phosphorylation of transcription factor p62TCF by MAP kinase stimulates ternary complex formation at c-fos promoter Nature 1992 358 414 41710.1038/358414a0Search in Google Scholar

[29]Milne D.M., Campbell D.G., Caudwell F.B., Meek D.W.: Phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 by mitogen-activated protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 9,253–9,260Milne D.M. Campbell D.G. Caudwell F.B. Meek D.W. Phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 by mitogen-activated protein kinases J. Biol. Chem 1994 269 9,253 9,26010.1016/S0021-9258(17)37101-6Search in Google Scholar

[30]Hervas-Stubbs S., Perez-Gracia J.L., Rouzaut A., Sanmamed M.F., Le Bon A., Melero I.: Direct effects of type I interferons on cells of the immune system. Clin. Cancer Res., 2011; 17: 2,619– 2,627Hervas-Stubbs S. Perez-Gracia J.L. Rouzaut A. Sanmamed M.F. Le Bon A. Melero I. Direct effects of type I interferons on cells of the immune system Clin. Cancer Res 2011 17 2,619 2,62710.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1114Search in Google Scholar

[31]Backer J.M., Schroeder G.G., Kahn C.R., Myers M.G. Jr, Wilden P.A., Cahill D.A., White M.F.: Insulin stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity maps to insulin receptor regions required for endogenous substrate phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem., 1992; 267: 1,367–1,374Backer J.M. Schroeder G.G. Kahn C.R. Myers M.G. Jr Wilden P.A. Cahill D.A. White M.F. Insulin stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity maps to insulin receptor regions required for endogenous substrate phosphorylation J. Biol. Chem 1992 267 1,367 1,37410.1016/S0021-9258(18)48440-2Search in Google Scholar

[32]Uddin S., Yenush L., Sun X.J., Sweet M.E., White M.F., Platanias L.C.: Interferon-α engages the insulin receptor substrate-1 to associate with the phosphatidylinositol 3’-kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 1995; 270: 15,938–15,941Uddin S. Yenush L. Sun X.J. Sweet M.E. White M.F. Platanias L.C. Interferon-α engages the insulin receptor substrate-1 to associate with the phosphatidylinositol 3’-kinase J. Biol. Chem 1995 270 15,938 15,94110.1074/jbc.270.27.159387608146Search in Google Scholar

[33]Pfeffer L.M., Mullersman J.E., Pfeffer S.R., Murti A., Shi W., Yang C.H.: STAT3 as an adapter to couple phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the IFNAR1 chain of the type I interferon receptor. Science, 1997; 276: 1,418–1,420Pfeffer L.M. Mullersman J.E. Pfeffer S.R. Murti A. Shi W. Yang C.H. STAT3 as an adapter to couple phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the IFNAR1 chain of the type I interferon receptor Science 1997 276 1,418 1,42010.1126/science.276.5317.1418Search in Google Scholar

[34]Kaur S., Sassano A., Dolniak B., Joshi S., Majchrzak-Kita B., Baker D.P., Hay N., Fish E.N., Platanias L.C.: Role of the Akt pathway in mRNA translation of interferon-stimulated genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2008; 105: 4,808–4,813Kaur S. Sassano A. Dolniak B. Joshi S. Majchrzak-Kita B. Baker D.P. Hay N. Fish E.N. Platanias L.C. Role of the Akt pathway in mRNA translation of interferon-stimulated genes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008 105 4,808 4,81310.1073/pnas.0710907105Search in Google Scholar

[35]Yang C.H., Murti A., Pfeffer S.R., Basu L., Kim J.G., Pfeffer L.M.: IFN α/β promotes cell survival by activating NF-κB. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000; 97: 13,631–13,636Yang C.H. Murti A. Pfeffer S.R. Basu L. Kim J.G. Pfeffer L.M. IFN α/β promotes cell survival by activating NF-κB Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000 97 13,631 13,63610.1073/pnas.250477397Search in Google Scholar

[36]Lekmine F., Uddin S., Sassano A., Parmar S., Brachmann S.M., Majchrzak B., Sonenberg N., Hay N., Fish E.N., Platanias L.C.: Activation of the p70 S6 kinase and phosphorylation of the 4E-BP1 repressor of mRNA translation by type I interferons. J. Biol. Chem., 2003; 278: 27,772–27,780Lekmine F. Uddin S. Sassano A. Parmar S. Brachmann S.M. Majchrzak B. Sonenberg N. Hay N. Fish E.N. Platanias L.C. Activation of the p70 S6 kinase and phosphorylation of the 4E-BP1 repressor of mRNA translation by type I interferons J. Biol. Chem 2003 278 27,772 27,78010.1074/jbc.M301364200Search in Google Scholar

[37]Yang C.H., Murti A., Pfeffer L.M.: Interferon induces NF-κB-inducing kinase/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-dependent NF-κB activation to promote cell survival. J. Biol. Chem., 2005; 280: 31,530–31,536Yang C.H. Murti A. Pfeffer L.M. Interferon induces NF-κB-inducing kinase/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-dependent NF-κB activation to promote cell survival J. Biol. Chem 2005 280 31,530 31,53610.1074/jbc.M503120200Search in Google Scholar

[38]Bramanti P., Sessa E., Rifici C., D’Aleo G., Floridia D., Di Bella P., Lublin F.: Enhanced spasticity in primary progressive MS patients treated with interferon beta-1b. Neurology, 1998; 51: 1,720–1,723Bramanti P. Sessa E. Rifici C. D’Aleo G. Floridia D. Di Bella P. Lublin F. Enhanced spasticity in primary progressive MS patients treated with interferon beta-1b Neurology 1998 51 1,720 1,72310.1212/WNL.51.6.1720Search in Google Scholar

[39]Harbo H.F., Gold R., Tintoré M.: Sex and gender issues in multiple sclerosis. Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord., 2013; 6: 237–248Harbo H.F. Gold R. Tintoré M. Sex and gender issues in multiple sclerosis Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord 2013 6 237 24810.1177/1756285613488434Search in Google Scholar

[40]Bach M.A., Phan-Dinh-Tuy F., Tournier E., Chatenoud L., Bach J.F., Martin C., Degos J.D.: Deficit of suppressor T cells in active multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 1980; 2: 1,221–1,223Bach M.A. Phan-Dinh-Tuy F. Tournier E. Chatenoud L. Bach J.F. Martin C. Degos J.D. Deficit of suppressor T cells in active multiple sclerosis Lancet 1980 2 1,221 1,22310.1016/S0140-6736(80)92480-0Search in Google Scholar

[41]Booss J., Esiri M.M., Tourtellotte W.W., Mason D.Y.: Immunohistological analysis of T lymphocyte subsets in the central nervous system in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci., 1983; 62: 219–232Booss J. Esiri M.M. Tourtellotte W.W. Mason D.Y. Immunohistological analysis of T lymphocyte subsets in the central nervous system in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis J. Neurol. Sci 1983 62 219 23210.1016/0022-510X(83)90201-0Search in Google Scholar

[42]Rose L.M., Ginsberg A.H., Rothstein T.L., Ledbetter J.A., Clark E.A.: Selective loss of a subset of T helper cells in active multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1985; 82: 7,389–7,393Rose L.M. Ginsberg A.H. Rothstein T.L. Ledbetter J.A. Clark E.A. Selective loss of a subset of T helper cells in active multiple sclerosis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985 82 7,389 7,39310.1073/pnas.82.21.73893913502932738Search in Google Scholar

[43]Esiri M.M.: Multiple sclerosis: A quantitative and qualitative study of immunoglobulin^‐containing cells in the central nervous system. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 1980; 6: 9–21Esiri M.M. Multiple sclerosis: A quantitative and qualitative study of immunoglobulin^‐containing cells in the central nervous system Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol 1980 6 9 2110.1111/j.1365-2990.1980.tb00199.xSearch in Google Scholar

[44]Ohguro H., Chiba S., Igarashi Y., Matsumoto H., Akino T., Palczewski K.: Beta-arrestin and arrestin are recognized by autoantibodies in sera from multiple sclerosis patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993; 90: 3,241–3,245Ohguro H. Chiba S. Igarashi Y. Matsumoto H. Akino T. Palczewski K. Beta-arrestin and arrestin are recognized by autoantibodies in sera from multiple sclerosis patients Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993 90 3,241 3,24510.1073/pnas.90.8.3241Search in Google Scholar

[45]Shi Y., Feng Y., Kang J., Liu C., Li Z., Li D., Cao W., Qiu J., Guo Z., Bi E., et al.: Critical regulation of CD4⁺ T cell survival and autoimmunity by β-arrestin 1. Nat. Immunol., 2007; 8: 817–824Shi Y. Feng Y. Kang J. Liu C. Li Z. Li D. Cao W. Qiu J. Guo Z. Bi E. et al Critical regulation of CD4⁺ T cell survival and autoimmunity by β-arrestin 1 Nat. Immunol 2007 8 817 82410.1038/ni1489Search in Google Scholar

[46]Millar J.H., Allison R.S.: Familial incidence of disseminated sclerosis in Northern Ireland. Ulster Med. J., 1954; 23: 29–92Millar J.H. Allison R.S. Familial incidence of disseminated sclerosis in Northern Ireland Ulster Med. J 1954 23 29 92Search in Google Scholar

[47]Müller R.: Genetic aspects of multiple sclerosis. AMA Arch. Neur. Psychiatry, 1953; 70: 733–740Müller R. Genetic aspects of multiple sclerosis AMA Arch. Neur. Psychiatry 1953 70 733 74010.1001/archneurpsyc.1953.02320360048005Search in Google Scholar

[48]Pratt R.T., Compston N.D., McAlpine D.: The familial incidence of disseminated sclerosis and its significance. Brain, 1951; 74: 191–232Pratt R.T. Compston N.D. McAlpine D. The familial incidence of disseminated sclerosis and its significance Brain 1951 74 191 23210.1093/brain/74.2.191Search in Google Scholar

[49]Goldberg P., Fleming M.C., Picard E.H.: Multiple sclerosis: Decreased relapse rate through dietary supplementation with calcium, magnesium and vitamin D. Med. Hypotheses, 1986; 21: 193–200Goldberg P. Fleming M.C. Picard E.H. Multiple sclerosis: Decreased relapse rate through dietary supplementation with calcium, magnesium and vitamin D Med. Hypotheses 1986 21 193 20010.1016/0306-9877(86)90010-1Search in Google Scholar

[50]McMichael A.J., Hall A.J.: Does immunosuppressive ultraviolet radiation explain the latitude gradient for multiple sclerosis? Epidemiology, 1997; 8: 642–645McMichael A.J. Hall A.J. Does immunosuppressive ultraviolet radiation explain the latitude gradient for multiple sclerosis? Epidemiology 1997 8 642 64510.1097/00001648-199711000-00009Search in Google Scholar

[51]Nikoskelainen J., Panelius M., Salmi A.: E.B. virus and multiple sclerosis. Br. Med. J., 1972; 4: 111Nikoskelainen J. Panelius M. Salmi A. E.B. virus and multiple sclerosis Br. Med. J 1972 4 11110.1136/bmj.4.5832.11117862424342670Search in Google Scholar

[52]Emre M., de Decker K.: Effects of cigarette smoking on motor functions in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol., 1992; 49: 1,243–1,247Emre M. de Decker K. Effects of cigarette smoking on motor functions in patients with multiple sclerosis Arch. Neurol 1992 49 1,243 1,24710.1001/archneur.1992.005303600410151449402Search in Google Scholar

[53]Munger K.L., Chitnis T., Ascherio A.: Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women. Neurology, 2009; 73: 1,543–1,550Munger K.L. Chitnis T. Ascherio A. Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women Neurology 2009 73 1,543 1,55010.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c0d6e0277707419901245Search in Google Scholar

[54]Compston A., Coles A.: Multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 2002; 359: 1,221-1,231Compston A. Coles A. Multiple sclerosis Lancet 2002 359 1,221 1,23110.1016/S0140-6736(02)08220-XSearch in Google Scholar

[55]Johnson K.P., Brooks B.R., Cohen J.A., Ford C.C., Goldstein J., Lisak R.P., Myers L.W., Panitch H.S., Rose J.W., Schiffer R.B.: Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology, 1995; 45: 1,268–1,276Johnson K.P. Brooks B.R. Cohen J.A. Ford C.C. Goldstein J. Lisak R.P. Myers L.W. Panitch H.S. Rose J.W. Schiffer R.B. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group Neurology 1995 45 1,268 1,27610.1212/WNL.45.7.1268Search in Google Scholar

[56]Hartung H.P., Consette R., König N., Kwiecinski H., Guseo A., Morrissey S.P., Krapf H., Zwingers T., Mitoxantrone in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (MIMS): Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet, 2002; 360: 2,018–2,025Hartung H.P. Consette R. König N. Kwiecinski H. Guseo A. Morrissey S.P. Krapf H. Zwingers T. Mitoxantrone in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (MIMS): Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial Lancet 2002 360 2,018 2,02510.1016/S0140-6736(02)12023-XSearch in Google Scholar

[57]Polman C.H., O’Connor P.W., Havrdova E., Hutchinson M., Kappos L., Miller D.H., Phillips J.T., Lublin F.D., Giovannoni G., Wajgt A., et al.: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006; 354: 899–910Polman C.H. O’Connor P.W. Havrdova E. Hutchinson M. Kappos L. Miller D.H. Phillips J.T. Lublin F.D. Giovannoni G. Wajgt A. et al A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis N. Engl. J. Med 2006 354 899 91010.1056/NEJMoa044397Search in Google Scholar

[58]Kappos L., Radue E.W., O’Connor P., Polman C., Hohlfeld R., Calabresi P., Selmaj K., Agoropoulou C., Leyk M., Zhang-Auberson L., et al.: A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2010; 362: 387–401Kappos L. Radue E.W. O’Connor P. Polman C. Hohlfeld R. Calabresi P. Selmaj K. Agoropoulou C. Leyk M. Zhang-Auberson L. et al A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis N. Engl. J. Med 2010 362 387 40110.1056/NEJMoa0909494Search in Google Scholar

[59]Gyódi E., Benczur M., Pálffy G., Tálas M., Petrányi G., Földes I., Hollán S.R.: Association between HLA B7, DR2 and dysfunction of natural and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity without connection with the deficient interferon production in multiple sclerosis. Hum. Immunol., 1982; 4: 209–217Gyódi E. Benczur M. Pálffy G. Tálas M. Petrányi G. Földes I. Hollán S.R. Association between HLA B7, DR2 and dysfunction of natural and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity without connection with the deficient interferon production in multiple sclerosis Hum. Immunol 1982 4 209 21710.1016/0198-8859(82)90036-2Search in Google Scholar

[60]Haahr S., Møller-Larsen A., Pedersen E.: Immunological parameters in multiple sclerosis patients with special reference to the herpes virus group. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1983; 51: 197–206Haahr S. Møller-Larsen A. Pedersen E. Immunological parameters in multiple sclerosis patients with special reference to the herpes virus group Clin. Exp. Immunol 1983 51 197 206Search in Google Scholar

[61]Maruo Y.: Interferon production and natural killer activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from patients with multiple sclerosis. Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi, 1988; 63: 521–533Maruo Y. Interferon production and natural killer activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from patients with multiple sclerosis Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi 1988 63 521 533Search in Google Scholar

[62]Feng X., Petraglia A.L., Chen M., Byskosh P.V., Boos M.D., Reder A.T.: Low expression of interferon-stimulated genes in active multiple sclerosis is linked to subnormal phosphorylation of STAT1. J. Neuroimmunol., 2002; 129: 205–215Feng X. Petraglia A.L. Chen M. Byskosh P.V. Boos M.D. Reder A.T. Low expression of interferon-stimulated genes in active multiple sclerosis is linked to subnormal phosphorylation of STAT1 J. Neuroimmunol 2002 129 205 21510.1016/S0165-5728(02)00182-0Search in Google Scholar

[63]Whitney L.W., Becker K.G., Tresser N.J., Caballero-Ramos C.I., Munson P.J., Prabhu V.V., Trent J.M., McFarland H.F., Biddison W.E.: Analysis of gene expression in multiple sclerosis lesions using cDNA microarrays. Ann. Neurol., 1999; 46: 425–428Whitney L.W. Becker K.G. Tresser N.J. Caballero-Ramos C.I. Munson P.J. Prabhu V.V. Trent J.M. McFarland H.F. Biddison W.E. Analysis of gene expression in multiple sclerosis lesions using cDNA microarrays Ann. Neurol 1999 46 425 42810.1002/1531-8249(199909)46:3<425::AID-ANA22>3.0.CO;2-OSearch in Google Scholar

[64]Hertzog P.J., Wright A., Harris G., Linnane A.W., Mackay I.R.: Intermittent interferonemia and interferon responses in multiple sclerosis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 1991; 58: 18–32Hertzog P.J. Wright A. Harris G. Linnane A.W. Mackay I.R. Intermittent interferonemia and interferon responses in multiple sclerosis Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 1991 58 18 3210.1016/0090-1229(91)90145-ZSearch in Google Scholar

[65]Mosmann T.R., Cherwinski H., Bond M.W., Giedlin M.A., Coffman R.L.: Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J. Immunol., 1986; 136: 2,348–2,357Mosmann T.R. Cherwinski H. Bond M.W. Giedlin M.A. Coffman R.L. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins J. Immunol 1986 136 2,348 2,35710.4049/jimmunol.136.7.2348Search in Google Scholar

[66]Suzuki Y., Orellana M.A., Schreiber R.D., Remington J.S.: Interferon-gamma: The major mediator of resistance against Toxoplasma gondii. Science, 1988; 240: 516–518Suzuki Y. Orellana M.A. Schreiber R.D. Remington J.S. Interferon-gamma: The major mediator of resistance against Toxoplasma gondii Science 1988 240 516 51810.1126/science.3128869Search in Google Scholar

[67]Selmaj K., Raine C.S., Cannella B., Brosnan C.F.: Identification of lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor in multiple sclerosis lesions. J. Clin. Invest., 1991; 87: 949–954Selmaj K. Raine C.S. Cannella B. Brosnan C.F. Identification of lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor in multiple sclerosis lesions J. Clin. Invest 1991 87 949 95410.1172/JCI1151023298861999503Search in Google Scholar

[68]Darrah P.A., Patel D.T., De Luca P.M., Lindsay R.W., Davey D.F., Flynn B.J., Hoff S.T., Andersen P., Reed S.G., Morris S.L., et al.: Multifunctional T^H1 cells define a correlate of vaccine-mediated protection against Leishmania major. Nat. Med., 2007; 13: 843– 850Darrah P.A. Patel D.T. De Luca P.M. Lindsay R.W. Davey D.F. Flynn B.J. Hoff S.T. Andersen P. Reed S.G. Morris S.L. et al Multifunctional T^H1 cells define a correlate of vaccine-mediated protection against Leishmania major Nat. Med 2007 13 843 85010.1038/nm159217558415Search in Google Scholar

[69]Golaz J., Steck A., Moretta L.: Activated T lymphocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 1983; 33:1,371–1,373Golaz J. Steck A. Moretta L. Activated T lymphocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis Neurology 1983 331,371 1,37310.1212/WNL.33.10.13716193457Search in Google Scholar

[70]Hojati Z., Kay M., Dehghanian F.: Chapter 15—Mechanism of action of interferon beta in treatment of multiple sclerosis. In: Multiple Sclerosis: A Mechanistic View, eds.: A. Minagar. Academic Press, Cambridge (MA) 2016, 365–392Hojati Z. Kay M. Dehghanian F. Chapter 15—Mechanism of action of interferon beta in treatment of multiple sclerosis In Multiple Sclerosis: A Mechanistic View eds Minagar A. Academic Press Cambridge (MA) 2016 365 39210.1016/B978-0-12-800763-1.00015-4Search in Google Scholar

[71]Yen J.H., Ganea D.: Interferon β induces mature dendritic cell apoptosis through caspase-11/caspase-3 activation. Blood, 2009; 114: 1,344–1,354Yen J.H. Ganea D. Interferon β induces mature dendritic cell apoptosis through caspase-11/caspase-3 activation Blood 2009 114 1,344 1,35410.1182/blood-2008-12-196592272741219531658Search in Google Scholar

[72]Paterka M., Siffrin V., Voss J.O., Werr J., Hoppmann N., Gollan R., Belikan P., Bruttger J., Birkenstock J., Jung S., et al.: Gatekeeper role of brain antigen-presenting CD11c⁺ cells in neuroinflammation. EMBO J., 2016; 35: 89–101Paterka M. Siffrin V. Voss J.O. Werr J. Hoppmann N. Gollan R. Belikan P. Bruttger J. Birkenstock J. Jung S. et al Gatekeeper role of brain antigen-presenting CD11c⁺ cells in neuroinflammation EMBO J 2016 35 89 10110.15252/embj.201591488471800526612827Search in Google Scholar

[73]Greter M., Heppner F.L., Lemos M.P., Odermatt B.M., Goebels N., Laufer T., Noelle R.J., Becher B.: Dendritic cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Nat. Med., 2005; 11: 328–334Greter M. Heppner F.L. Lemos M.P. Odermatt B.M. Goebels N. Laufer T. Noelle R.J. Becher B. Dendritic cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis Nat. Med 2005 11 328 33410.1038/nm119715735653Search in Google Scholar

[74]Zozulya A.L., Ortler S., Lee J.E., Weidenfeller C., Sandor M., Wiendl H., Fabry Z.: Intracerebral dendritic cells critically modulate encephalitogenic versus regulatory immune responses in the CNS. J. Neurosci., 2009; 29: 140–152Zozulya A.L. Ortler S. Lee J.E. Weidenfeller C. Sandor M. Wiendl H. Fabry Z. Intracerebral dendritic cells critically modulate encephalitogenic versus regulatory immune responses in the CNS J. Neurosci 2009 29 140 15210.1523/JNEUROSCI.2199-08.2009294209119129392Search in Google Scholar

[75]Bailey S.L., Schreiner B., McMahon E.J., Miller S.D.: CNS myeloid DCs presenting endogenous myelin peptides ‘preferentially’ polarize CD4⁺ T^H-17 cells in relapsing EAE. Nat. Immunol., 2007; 8: 172–180Bailey S.L. Schreiner B. McMahon E.J. Miller S.D. CNS myeloid DCs presenting endogenous myelin peptides ‘preferentially’ polarize CD4⁺ T^H-17 cells in relapsing EAE Nat. Immunol 2007 8 172 18010.1038/ni143017206145Search in Google Scholar

[76]Wilson N.J., Boniface K., Chan J.R., McKenzie B.S., Blumenschein W.M., Mattson J.D., Basham B., Smith K., Chen T., Morel F., et al.: Development, cytokine profile and function of human interleukin 17-producing helper T cells. Nat. Immunol., 2007; 8: 950–957Wilson N.J. Boniface K. Chan J.R. McKenzie B.S. Blumenschein W.M. Mattson J.D. Basham B. Smith K. Chen T. Morel F. et al Development, cytokine profile and function of human interleukin 17-producing helper T cells Nat. Immunol 2007 8 950 95710.1038/ni149717676044Search in Google Scholar

[77]Bettelli E., Oukka M., Kuchroo V.K.: T^H-17 cells in the circle of immunity and autoimmunity. Nat. Immunol., 2007; 8: 345–350Bettelli E. Oukka M. Kuchroo V.K. T^H-17 cells in the circle of immunity and autoimmunity Nat. Immunol 2007 8 345 35010.1038/ni0407-345Search in Google Scholar

[78]Matusevicius D., Kivisäkk P., He B., Kostulas N., Õzenci V., Fredrikson S., Link H.: Interleukin-17 mRNA expression in blood and CSF mononuclear cells is augmented in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler., 1999; 5: 101–104Matusevicius D. Kivisäkk P. He B. Kostulas N. Õzenci V. Fredrikson S. Link H. Interleukin-17 mRNA expression in blood and CSF mononuclear cells is augmented in multiple sclerosis Mult. Scler 1999 5 101 10410.1177/135245859900500206Search in Google Scholar

[79]Lock C., Hermans G., Pedotti R., Brendolan A., Schadt E., Garren H., Langer-Gould A., Strober S., Cannella B., Allard J., et al.: Gene-microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat. Med., 2002; 8: 500–508Lock C. Hermans G. Pedotti R. Brendolan A. Schadt E. Garren H. Langer-Gould A. Strober S. Cannella B. Allard J. et al Gene-microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis Nat. Med 2002 8 500 50810.1038/nm0502-500Search in Google Scholar

[80]Komiyama Y., Nakae S., Matsuki T., Nambu A., Ishigame H., Kakuta S., Sudo K., Iwakura Y.: IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol., 2006; 177: 566–573Komiyama Y. Nakae S. Matsuki T. Nambu A. Ishigame H. Kakuta S. Sudo K. Iwakura Y. IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis J. Immunol 2006 177 566 57310.4049/jimmunol.177.1.566Search in Google Scholar

[81]Sweeney C.M., Lonergan R., Basdeo S.A., Kinsella K., Dungan L.S., Higgins S.C., Kelly P.J., Costelloe L., Tubridy N., Mills K.H., et al.: IL-27 mediates the response to IFN-β therapy in multiple sclerosis patients by inhibiting Th17 cells. Brain Behav. Immun., 2011; 25: 1,170–1,181Sweeney C.M. Lonergan R. Basdeo S.A. Kinsella K. Dungan L.S. Higgins S.C. Kelly P.J. Costelloe L. Tubridy N. Mills K.H. et al IL-27 mediates the response to IFN-β therapy in multiple sclerosis patients by inhibiting Th17 cells Brain Behav. Immun 2011 25 1,170 1,18110.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.007Search in Google Scholar

[82]Ramgolam V.S., Sha Y., Jin J., Zhang X., Markovic-Plese S.: IFN-β inhibits human Th17 cell differentiation. J. Immunol., 2009; 183: 5,418–5,427Ramgolam V.S. Sha Y. Jin J. Zhang X. Markovic-Plese S. IFN-β inhibits human Th17 cell differentiation J. Immunol 2009 183 5,418 5,42710.4049/jimmunol.0803227Search in Google Scholar

[83]Yen J.H., Kong W., Ganea D.: IFN-β inhibits dendritic cell migration through STAT-1-mediated transcriptional suppression of CCR7 and matrix metalloproteinase 9. J. Immunol., 2010; 184: 3,478–3,486Yen J.H. Kong W. Ganea D. IFN-β inhibits dendritic cell migration through STAT-1-mediated transcriptional suppression of CCR7 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 J. Immunol 2010 184 3,478 3,48610.4049/jimmunol.0902542Search in Google Scholar

[84]Gay D., Esiri M.: Blood-brain barrier damage in acute multiple sclerosis plaques. An immunocytological study. Brain, 1991; 114: 557–572Gay D. Esiri M. Blood-brain barrier damage in acute multiple sclerosis plaques An immunocytological study. Brain 1991 114 557 57210.1093/brain/114.1.557Search in Google Scholar

[85]Bolton S.J., Anthony D.C., Perry V.H.: Loss of the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 from cerebral vascular endothelium during neutrophil-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown in vivo. Neuroscience, 1998; 86: 1,245–1,257Bolton S.J. Anthony D.C. Perry V.H. Loss of the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 from cerebral vascular endothelium during neutrophil-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown in vivo Neuroscience 1998 86 1,245 1,25710.1016/S0306-4522(98)00058-XSearch in Google Scholar

[86]Wolburg H., Wolburg-Buchholz K., Kraus J., Rascher-Eggstein G., Liebner S., Hamm S., Duffner F., Grote E.H., Risau W., Engelhardt B.: Localization of claudin-3 in tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier is selectively lost during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and human glioblastoma multiforme. Acta Neuropathol., 2003; 105: 586–592Wolburg H. Wolburg-Buchholz K. Kraus J. Rascher-Eggstein G. Liebner S. Hamm S. Duffner F. Grote E.H. Risau W. Engelhardt B. Localization of claudin-3 in tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier is selectively lost during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and human glioblastoma multiforme Acta Neuropathol 2003 105 586 59210.1007/s00401-003-0688-z12734665Search in Google Scholar

[87]Alvarez J.I., Cayrol R., Prat A.: Disruption of central nervous system barriers in multiple sclerosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2011; 1812: 252-264Alvarez J.I. Cayrol R. Prat A. Disruption of central nervous system barriers in multiple sclerosis Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2011 1812 252 26410.1016/j.bbadis.2010.06.017Search in Google Scholar

[88]Stone A.L., Frank J.A., Albert P.S., Bash C., Smith M.E., Maloni H., McFarland H.F.: The effect of interferon-β on blood-brain barrier disruptions demonstrated by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol., 1995; 37: 611–619Stone A.L. Frank J.A. Albert P.S. Bash C. Smith M.E. Maloni H. McFarland H.F. The effect of interferon-β on blood-brain barrier disruptions demonstrated by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis Ann. Neurol 1995 37 611 61910.1002/ana.410370511Search in Google Scholar

[89]Jacobs L., O’Malley J., Freeman A., Ekes R.: Intrathecal interferon reduces exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Science, 1981; 214: 1,026–1,028Jacobs L. O’Malley J. Freeman A. Ekes R. Intrathecal interferon reduces exacerbations of multiple sclerosis Science 1981 214 1,026 1,02810.1126/science.6171035Search in Google Scholar

[90]The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group: Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology, 1993; 43: 655–661The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group: Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Neurology 1993 43 655 66110.1212/WNL.43.4.655Search in Google Scholar

[91]Paty D.W., Li D.K.: Interferon beta-lb is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: II MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology, 1993; 43: 662–667Paty D.W. Li D.K. Interferon beta-lb is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: II MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group Neurology 1993 43 662 66710.1212/WNL.43.4.662Search in Google Scholar

[92]The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group: Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Neurology, 1995; 45: 1,277–1,285The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group: Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group Neurology 1995 45 1,277 1,28510.1212/WNL.45.7.1277Search in Google Scholar

[93]Jacobs L.D., Cookfair D.L., Rudick R.A., Herndon R.M., Richert J.R., Salazar A.M., Fischer J.S., Goodkin D.E., Granger C.V., Simon J.H., et al.: Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Ann. Neurol., 1996; 39: 285–294Jacobs L.D. Cookfair D.L. Rudick R.A. Herndon R.M. Richert J.R. Salazar A.M. Fischer J.S. Goodkin D.E. Granger C.V. Simon J.H. et al Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG) Ann. Neurol 1996 39 285 29410.1002/ana.410390304Search in Google Scholar

[94]Jacobs L.D., Cookfair D.L., Rudic R.A., Herndon R.M., Richerf J.R., Salazar A.M., Fischef J.S., Goodkin D.E., Grangef C.V., Simon J.H., et al.: A phase III trial of intramuscular recombinant interferon beta as treatment for exacerbating-remitting multiple sclerosis: Design and conduct of study and baseline characteristics of patients. Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Mult. Scler., 1995; 1: 118–135Jacobs L.D. Cookfair D.L. Rudic R.A. Herndon R.M. Richerf J.R. Salazar A.M. Fischef J.S. Goodkin D.E. Grangef C.V. Simon J.H. et al A phase III trial of intramuscular recombinant interferon beta as treatment for exacerbating-remitting multiple sclerosis: Design and conduct of study and baseline characteristics of patients. Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG) Mult. Scler 1995 1 118 13510.1177/135245859500100210Search in Google Scholar

[95]Li D.K., Paty D.W., UBC MS/MRI Analysis Research Group, PRISMS Study Group: Magnetic resonance imaging results of the PRISMS trial: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of interferon-beta1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Prevention of relapses and disability by interferon-β1a subcutaneously in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol., 1999; 46: 197–206Li D.K. Paty D.W. UBC MS/MRI Analysis Research Group, PRISMS Study Group: Magnetic resonance imaging results of the PRISMS trial: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of interferon-beta1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Prevention of relapses and disability by interferon-β1a subcutaneously in multiple sclerosis Ann. Neurol 1999 46 197 20610.1002/1531-8249(199908)46:2<197::AID-ANA9>3.0.CO;2-PSearch in Google Scholar

[96]Rudick R.A., Goodkin D.E., Jacobs L.D., Cookfair D.L., Herndon R.M., Richert J.R., Salazar A.M., Fischer J.S., Granger C.V., Simon J.H., et al.: Impact of interferon beta-1a on neurologic disability in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. Neurology, 1997; 49: 358–363Rudick R.A. Goodkin D.E. Jacobs L.D. Cookfair D.L. Herndon R.M. Richert J.R. Salazar A.M. Fischer J.S. Granger C.V. Simon J.H. et al Impact of interferon beta-1a on neurologic disability in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group Neurology 1997 49 358 36310.1212/WNL.49.2.358Search in Google Scholar

[97]Simon J.H., Jacobs L.D., Campion M., Wende K., Simonian N., Cookfair D.L., Rudick R.A., Herndon R.M., Richert J.R., Salazar A.M., et al.: Magnetic resonance studies of intramuscular interferon β-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. Ann. Neurol., 1996; 43: 79–87Simon J.H. Jacobs L.D. Campion M. Wende K. Simonian N. Cookfair D.L. Rudick R.A. Herndon R.M. Richert J.R. Salazar A.M. et al Magnetic resonance studies of intramuscular interferon β-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group Ann. Neurol 1996 43 79 8710.1002/ana.410430114Search in Google Scholar

[98]Liu C., Blumhardt L.D.: Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of interferon β-1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis analysed by area under disability/time curves. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1999; 67: 451–456Liu C. Blumhardt L.D. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of interferon β-1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis analysed by area under disability/time curves J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1999 67 451 45610.1136/jnnp.67.4.451Search in Google Scholar

[99]Ebers G.C., PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon β-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon β-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 1998; 352: 1,498–1,504Ebers G.C. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon β-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon β-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis Lancet 1998 352 1,498 1,50410.1016/S0140-6736(98)03334-0Search in Google Scholar

[100]Walther E.U., Hohlfeld R.: Multiple sclerosis: side effects of interferon beta therapy and their management. Neurology, 1999; 53: 1,622–1,627Walther E.U. Hohlfeld R. Multiple sclerosis: side effects of interferon beta therapy and their management Neurology 1999 53 1,622 1,62710.1212/WNL.53.8.1622Search in Google Scholar

[101]Kaiser L., Fritz R.S., Straus S.E., Gubareva L., Hayden F.G.: Symptom pathogenesis during acute influenza: Interleukin-6 and other cytokine responses. J. Med. Virol., 2001; 64: 262–268Kaiser L. Fritz R.S. Straus S.E. Gubareva L. Hayden F.G. Symptom pathogenesis during acute influenza: Interleukin-6 and other cytokine responses J. Med. Virol 2001 64 262 26810.1002/jmv.1045Search in Google Scholar

[102]Joffe R.T., Lippert G.P., Gray T.A., Sawa G., Horvath Z.: Mood disorders and multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol., 1987; 44: 376–378Joffe R.T. Lippert G.P. Gray T.A. Sawa G. Horvath Z. Mood disorders and multiple sclerosis Arch. Neurol 1987 44 376 37810.1001/archneur.1987.00520160018007Search in Google Scholar

[103]WHO. Hepatitis C. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c (15.04.2019)WHO Hepatitis C. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c 15.04.2019Search in Google Scholar

[104]Webster D.P., Klenerman P., Dusheiko G.M.: Hepatitis C. Lancet, 2015; 385: 1,124–1,135Webster D.P. Klenerman P. Dusheiko G.M. Hepatitis C Lancet 2015 385 1,124 1,13510.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6Search in Google Scholar

[105]Shirachi R., Shiraishi H., Tateda A., Kikuchi K., Ishida N.: Hepatitis “C” antigen in non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Lancet, 1978; 2: 853–856Shirachi R. Shiraishi H. Tateda A. Kikuchi K. Ishida N. Hepatitis “C” antigen in non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis Lancet 1978 2 853 85610.1016/S0140-6736(78)91567-2Search in Google Scholar

[106]Choo Q.L., Kuo G., Weiner A.J., Overby L.R., Bradley D.W., Houghton M.: Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science, 1989; 244: 359–362Choo Q.L. Kuo G. Weiner A.J. Overby L.R. Bradley D.W. Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome Science 1989 244 359 36210.1126/science.25235622523562Search in Google Scholar

[107]Grakoui A., Wychowski C., Lin C., Feinstone S.M., Rice C.M.: Expression and identification of hepatitis C virus polyprotein cleavage products. J. Virol., 1993; 67: 1,385–1,395Grakoui A. Wychowski C. Lin C. Feinstone S.M. Rice C.M. Expression and identification of hepatitis C virus polyprotein cleavage products J. Virol 1993 67 1,385 1,39510.1128/jvi.67.3.1385-1395.19932375087679746Search in Google Scholar

[108]Lanford R.E., Guerra B., Lee H., Averett D.R., Pfeiffer B., Chavez D., Notvall L., Bigger C.: Antiviral effect and virus-host interactions in response to alpha interferon, gamma interferon, poly(i)-poly(c), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and ribavirin in hepatitis C virus sub-genomic replicons. J. Virol., 2003; 77: 1,092–1,104Lanford R.E. Guerra B. Lee H. Averett D.R. Pfeiffer B. Chavez D. Notvall L. Bigger C. Antiviral effect and virus-host interactions in response to alpha interferon, gamma interferon, poly(i)-poly(c), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and ribavirin in hepatitis C virus sub-genomic replicons J. Virol 2003 77 1,092 1,10410.1128/JVI.77.2.1092-1104.2003Search in Google Scholar

[109]Ji X., Cheung R., Cooper S., Li Q., Greenberg H.B., He X.S.: Interferon alfa regulated gene expression in patients initiating interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 2003; 37: 610–621Ji X. Cheung R. Cooper S. Li Q. Greenberg H.B. He X.S. Interferon alfa regulated gene expression in patients initiating interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C Hepatology 2003 37 610 62110.1053/jhep.2003.50105Search in Google Scholar

[110]Moriishi K., Matsuura Y.: Mechanisms of hepatitis C virus infection. Antivir. Chem. Chemother., 2003; 14: 285–297Moriishi K. Matsuura Y. Mechanisms of hepatitis C virus infection Antivir. Chem. Chemother 2003 14 285 29710.1177/095632020301400601Search in Google Scholar

[111]Wang C., Pflugheber J., Sumpter R.Jr., Sodora D.L., Hui D., Sen G.C., Gale M.Jr: Alpha interferon induces distinct translational control programs to suppress hepatitis C virus RNA replication. J. Virol., 2003; 77: 3,898–3,912Wang C. Pflugheber J. Sumpter RJr. Sodora D.L. Hui D. Sen G.C. GaleM.Jr Alpha interferon induces distinct translational control programs to suppress hepatitis C virus RNA replication J. Virol 2003 77 3,898 3,91210.1128/JVI.77.7.3898-3912.2003Search in Google Scholar

[112]Schvarcz R., Weiland O., Wejstål R., Norkrans G., Frydén A., Foberg U.: A randomized controlled open study of interferon alpha-2b treatment of chronic non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis: No correlation of outcome to presence of hepatitis C virus antibodies. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 1989; 21: 617–625Schvarcz R. Weiland O. Wejstål R. Norkrans G. Frydén A. Foberg U. A randomized controlled open study of interferon alpha-2b treatment of chronic non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis: No correlation of outcome to presence of hepatitis C virus antibodies Scand. J. Infect. Dis 1989 21 617 62510.3109/00365548909021689Search in Google Scholar

[113]Brillanti S., Garson J., Foli M., Whitby K., Deaville R., Masci C., Miglioli M., Barbara L.: A pilot study of combination therapy with ribavirin plus interferon alfa for interferon alfa-resistant chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology, 1994; 107: 812–817Brillanti S. Garson J. Foli M. Whitby K. Deaville R. Masci C. Miglioli M. Barbara L. A pilot study of combination therapy with ribavirin plus interferon alfa for interferon alfa-resistant chronic hepatitis C Gastroenterology 1994 107 812 81710.1016/0016-5085(94)90131-7Search in Google Scholar

[114]Shiffman M.L.: Pegylated interferons: What role will they play in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C? Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep., 2001; 3: 30–37Shiffman M.L. Pegylated interferons: What role will they play in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C? Curr Gastroenterol. Rep 2001 3 30 3710.1007/s11901-003-0010-5Search in Google Scholar

[115]Glue P., Rouzier-Panis R., Raffanel C., Sabo R., Gupta S.K., Salfi M., Jacobs S., Clement R.P.: A dose-ranging study of pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C. The Hepatitis C Intervention Therapy Group. Hepatology, 2000; 32: 647–653Glue P. Rouzier-Panis R. Raffanel C. Sabo R. Gupta S.K. Salfi M. Jacobs S. Clement R.P. A dose-ranging study of pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C The Hepatitis C Intervention Therapy Group. Hepatology 2000 32 647 65310.1053/jhep.2000.1666110960463Search in Google Scholar

[116]Maughan A., Ogbuagu O.: Pegylated interferon alpha 2a for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol., 2018; 14: 219–227Maughan A. Ogbuagu O. Pegylated interferon alpha 2a for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol 2018 14 219 22710.1080/17425255.2018.142117329271660Search in Google Scholar

[117]Reichenberg A., Gorman J.M., Dieterich D.T.: Interferon-induced depression and cognitive impairment in hepatitis C virus patients: A 72 week prospective study. AIDS, 2005; 19: S174–S178Reichenberg A. Gorman J.M. Dieterich D.T. Interferon-induced depression and cognitive impairment in hepatitis C virus patients: A 72 week prospective study AIDS 2005 19 S174 S17810.1097/01.aids.0000192087.64432.ae16251815Search in Google Scholar

[118]Rentiya Z.S., Wells M., Bae J., Chen K.J., Chao A.N., Turgeon N., Shah S.M., Hanout M.: Interferon-α-induced retinopathy in chronic hepatitis C treatment: Summary, considerations, and recommendations. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 2019; 257: 447–452Rentiya Z.S. Wells M. Bae J. Chen K.J. Chao A.N. Turgeon N. Shah S.M. Hanout M. Interferon-α-induced retinopathy in chronic hepatitis C treatment: Summary, considerations, and recommendations Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol 2019 257 447 45210.1007/s00417-018-04209-730547319Search in Google Scholar

[119]Zornitzki T., Malnick S., Lysyy L., Knobler H.: Interferon therapy in hepatitis C leading to chronic type 1 diabetes. World J. Gastroenterol., 2015; 21: 233–239Zornitzki T. Malnick S. Lysyy L. Knobler H. Interferon therapy in hepatitis C leading to chronic type 1 diabetes World J. Gastroenterol 2015 21 233 23910.3748/wjg.v21.i1.233428434025574096Search in Google Scholar