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Occurrence and molecular characterization of Meloidogyne graminicola on rice in Central Punjab, Pakistan

Abdul Jabbar
Abdul Jabbar
, 
Nazir Javed
Nazir Javed
, 
Anjum Munir
Anjum Munir
, 
Huma Abbas
Huma Abbas
, 
Sajid A. Khan
Sajid A. Khan
, 
Anam Moosa
Anam Moosa
, 
Muhammad Jabran
Muhammad Jabran
, 
Byron J. Adams
Byron J. Adams
 et 
Muhammad A. Ali
Muhammad A. Ali
   | 16 janv. 2021
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Publié en ligne: 16 janv. 2021
Pages: 1 - 17
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-123
Mots clés
© 2021 Abdul Jabbar et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

GPS map of Faisalabad and Chiniot districts. Red dots indicate locations of samples infested with M. graminicola.
GPS map of Faisalabad and Chiniot districts. Red dots indicate locations of samples infested with M. graminicola.

Figure 2:

Rice roots infected with M. graminicola. The roots are showing typical symptoms of galls or knots.
Rice roots infected with M. graminicola. The roots are showing typical symptoms of galls or knots.

Figure 3:

Perineal pattern of M. graminicola by light (above) and electron (below) microscopy.
Perineal pattern of M. graminicola by light (above) and electron (below) microscopy.

Figure 4:

ITS rDNA PCR amplification products using forward primer rDNA2 and reverse primer rDNA1.58 s. Isolate names are given in white text on the upper side of their respective band in the gel; DNA ladder is to the left of the gel.
ITS rDNA PCR amplification products using forward primer rDNA2 and reverse primer rDNA1.58 s. Isolate names are given in white text on the upper side of their respective band in the gel; DNA ladder is to the left of the gel.

Figure 5:

Multiple alignment of ITS sequences from different isolates collected in Faisalabad and Chiniot. The NCBI Genbank accession numbers and isolate names are given in the start of sequences. Complete bars at the top of the sequences show the degree of conservation of different nucleotides in the ITS sequence among different isolates. Similarly, base conservation is also denoted by the capitalized nucleotide alphabet.
Multiple alignment of ITS sequences from different isolates collected in Faisalabad and Chiniot. The NCBI Genbank accession numbers and isolate names are given in the start of sequences. Complete bars at the top of the sequences show the degree of conservation of different nucleotides in the ITS sequence among different isolates. Similarly, base conservation is also denoted by the capitalized nucleotide alphabet.

Figure 6:

Phylogenetic tree of M. graminicola isolates based on ITS sequences. Sequences from this study are in bold. Taxon labels are Genbank accession numbers followed by species epithet, isolate code, and geographic location of the sequenced isolates. Scale bar represents 2% sequence divergence.
Phylogenetic tree of M. graminicola isolates based on ITS sequences. Sequences from this study are in bold. Taxon labels are Genbank accession numbers followed by species epithet, isolate code, and geographic location of the sequenced isolates. Scale bar represents 2% sequence divergence.

Incidence of M. graminicola at different locations of district Chiniot.

Year Location Galling index Juveniles/root sample Juveniles/soil sample Stylet bearing nematodes Non-stylet bearing nematodes
2014 134 J.B 2.20 b 300.80 b 140.40 d 4.20 bc 2.80 e
Moza Rajoya 3.80 a 348.60 ab 280.80 b 3.80 c 9.40 cd
Pungu Mor 2.60 ab 290.40 b 108.80 d 1.60 d 11.40 bcd
Jamya Abad 3.20 ab 390.40 a 119.00 d 3.80 c 12.00 bc
Jandwala 4.00 a 297.20 b 211.40 c 5.20 ab 8.40 d
223 JB-2 3.80 a 336.60 ab 347.20 a 5.80 a 14.00 ab
Rahmuana 3.20 ab 294.00 b 184.00 c 5.40 ab 17.20 a
2015 134 J.B 3.40 a 172.20 a 117.80 f 6.20 cd 7.20 d
Moza Rajoya 3.20 a 117.40 c 242.60 c 2.80 f 9.20 cd
Pungu Mor 2.80 a 163.20 ab 136.40 e 7.40 bc 13.00 a
Jamya Abad 3.20 a 126.40 bc 135.80 e 9.20 a 10.00 bc
Jandwala 2.80 a 156.80 abc 107.00 g 5.80 de 10.40 bc
223 JB-2 3.20 a 134.00 abc 194.60 d 4.80 e 9.20 cd
Rahmuana 3.60 a 130.80 abc 279.60 b 7.80 b 11.80 ab
202 JB 3.40 a 131.80 abc 292.20 a 7.40 bc 10.40 bc
2016 134 J.B 3.40 ab 278.00 bc 218.00 b 5.20 c 4.00 c
Moza Rajoya 3.20 ab 268.60 c 298.80 a 9.00 a 10.20 ab
Pungu Mor 2.80 b 332.80 abc 185.20 e 8.20 ab 7.20 bc
Jamya Abad 3.00 b 349.40 abc 213.80 bc 7.40 b 9.40 ab
Jandwala 3.40 ab 380.80 a 199.20 d 5.80 c 8.80 b
223 JB-2 4.20 a 292.60 bc 172.60 f 5.20 c 9.00 b
Rahmuana 3.80 ab 280.80 bc 211.40 bc 5.60 c 6.80 bc
202 JB 3.80 ab 362.00 ab 204.80 cd 5.00 c 8.00 b
129 JB 2.80 b 330.60 abc 187.20 e 7.20 b 12.60 a

Incidence of M. graminicola at different locations of Faisalabad district.

Year Location Galling index Juveniles/root sample Juveniles/soil sample Stylet bearing nematodes Non-stylet bearing nematodes
2014 58 J.B. 2.60 b 334.80 ab 157.20 e 5.60 bc 9.00 c
218 R.B. 3.60 ab 352.20 a 131.60 g 4.80 cd 8.80 c
70 J.B. 1.40 c 340.00 a 219.80 b 4.80 cd 11.00 ab
442 G.B. 3.60 ab 332.40 ab 147.60 f 4.80 cd 10.60 abc
39 G.B. 3.00 b 266.20 b 238.00 a 6.00 abc 10.00 bc
424 G.B. 2.60 b 352.60 a 172.20 d 6.40 ab 9.20 bc
205 R.B. 3.20 ab 320.00 ab 184.00 c 7.00 a 12.00 a
UAF 4.20 a 280.80 ab 113.60 h 4.20 d 10.40 abc
2015 58 J.B. 2.60 ab 336.00 a 205.60 b 5.40 cd 9.20 c
218 R.B. 2.20 b 342.20 a 130.20 e 5.20 cd 8.80 c
70 J.B. 3.00 ab 331.00 a 137.40 e 4.20 d 9.80 bc
442 G.B. 2.40 ab 338.40 a 148.80 de 5.20 cd 9.80 bc
39 G.B. 3.20 ab 276.20 a 185.00 bc 7.80 a 10.00 bc
424 G.B. 3.80 a 339.60 a 128.60 e 4.80 cd 9.20 c
205 R.B. 2.20 b 330.60 a 308.40 a 7.00 ab 10.60 abc
UAF 3.40 ab 292.60 a 127.80 e 5.80 bc 9.40 bc
209 R.B. 2.80 ab 349.40 a 172.60 cd 8.20 a 11.80 ab
66 G.B. 2.60 ab 352.80 a 100.40 f 7.20 a 13.00 a
2016 58 J.B. 2.00 d 361.20 a 106.80 g 5.20 de 9.00 bc
218 R.B. 2.40 cd 340.00 ab 90.60 h 4.80 de 9.60 abc
70 J.B. 4.00 a 340.00 ab 190.80 b 5.20 de 10.40 abc
442 G.B. 2.20 cd 328.40 ab 168.00 c 9.00 a 10.20 abc
39 G.B. 3.20 bc 277.80 b 209.60 a 5.00 de 9.80 abc
424 G.B. 3.40 ab 394.00 a 158.80 d 7.20 abc 8.80 bc
205 R.B. 2.40 bcd 362.00 a 150.60 e 4.20 de 8.40 c
UAF 3.20 abc 380.80 a 207.00 a 6.00 bcd 9.40 abc
209 R.B. 2.80 bcd 360.40 a 120.20 f 5.40 cde 9.20 abc
66 G.B. 3.40 ab 368.60 a 162.60 d 7.60 ab 10.80 ab
71 G.B. 2.60 bcd 358.00 a 123.20 f 3.60 e 11.20 a

Prevalence of M. graminicola in district Faisalabad.

Prevalence
Sr # Locations Elevation Latitude Longitude 2014 2015 2016
1 217 R.B. 175 V 31.44325 073.00077 − − −
2 61 J.B. 176 V 31.45346 072.97887 − − −
3 57 J.B. 177 V 31.45328 072.98147 − − −
4 58 J.B. 186 V 31.46937 072.99122 + + +
5 52 J.B. 181 V 31.49570 073.00120 − − −
6 54 J.B. 186 V 31.500394 072.99582 − − −
7 51 J.B. 180 V 31.51203 072.98117 − − −
8 53 J.B. 180 V 31.52299 072.97618 − − −
9 49 J.B. 186 V 31.56101 072.98678 − − −
10 218 J.B. 173 V 31.43074 072.97399 + + +
11 64 J.B. 173 V 31.39198 072.93964 − − −
12 68 J.B. 174 V 31.37310 072.92706 − − −
13 66 J.B. 178 V 31.40154 72.97310 − − −
14 275 J.B. 169 V 31.34735 72.83235 − − −
15 70 J.B. 181 V 31.36304 72.90952 − + +
16 289 R.B. 172 V 31.33934 072.99238 − − −
17 245 R.B. 177 V 31.33586 073.01232 − − −
18 296 R.B. 179 V 31.33620 073.04997 − − −
19 254 R.B. 166 V 31.33576 073.00168 − − −
20 269 R.B. 167 V 31.19880 072.99097 − − −
21 135 G.B. 169 V 31.14848 072.98298 − − −
22 UAF 179 C 31.43735 073.07427 + + +
23 Samundari City 168 C 31.05557 072.97504 − − −
24 71 G.B. 165 V 31.05584 072.97427 − − +
25 73 G.B. 165 V 31.05005 072.99210 − − −
26 442 G.B. 172 V 31.04441 073.00982 + + +
27 393 G.B. 172 V 31.02308 073.07303 − − −
28 423 G.B. 178 V 31.07426 073.13823 − − −
29 424 G.B. 172 V 31.08084 073.14034 + + +
30 430 G.B. 171 V 31.11562 073.15054 − − −
31 172 G.B. 178 V 31.14319 073.14831 − − −
32 171 G.B. 178 V 31.16456 073.13882 − − −
33 39 G.B. 176 V 31.20585 073.17356 + + +
34 41 G.B. 182 V 31.20572 073.17418 − − −
35 54 G.B. 183 V 31.26873 073.29616 − − −
36 21 G.B. 191 V 31.30716 073.38556 − − −
37 205 R.B. 186 V 31.43253 073.23050 + +
38 66 G.B. 181 V 31.34015 073.33852 + + +
39 216 R.B. 183 V 31.38091 073.22599 − − −
40 229 R.B. 184 V 31.39439 073.20733 + + +

Prevalence of M. graminicola in Chiniot district.

Prevalence
Sr # Locations Elevation Latitude Longitude 2014 2015 2016
1 133 J.B. 178 V 31.57931 072.97683 − − −
2 134 J.B. 173 V 31.59705 072.96338 + + +
3 223 J.B. 169 V 31.62043 072.96727 − − −
4 Moza Rajoya 176 R 31.66198 072.97448 + + +
5 M.Thattian 184 R 31.68778 072.97489 − − −
6 M. Johdpur 180 R 31.69026 072.97472 − − −
7 Ahmad Nagar 182 R 31.77321 072.89966 − − −
8 Ahmad Pur 187 R 31.79090 072.87729 − − −
9 M. kanwewala 183 R 31.81763 072.82544 − − −
10 Moza Judhi 186 R 31.82471 072.81122 − − −
11 202 J.B. 192 V 31.84161 072.83868 − − −
12 Kote Qazipur 190 R 31.84774 072.84970 − − −
13 Biewal 187 R 31.90920 072.94682 − − −
14 Kalowal 182 R 31.90423 072.95624 − − −
15 Jand wala 185 R 31.88589 072.99015 − − −
16 Pungu Morr 184 R 31.84625 072.96008 + + +
17 Moza Johdabad 183 R 31.83006 072.93907 − − −
18 M.Hussainabad 188 R 31.82157 072.92782 + + +
19 M.Mohsanabad 178 R 31.79400 072.89456 − − −
20 Moza Vaisaan 176 R 31.78678 072.88346 − − −
21 241 J.B. 178 V 31.72044 072.95988 − − −
22 Moza Bukharian 177 R 31.70576 072.95381 − − −
23 Abbas nagar 180 R 31.68935 72.93636 − − −
24 Kandiwal 177 R 31.67671 72.90760 − − −
25 241 J.B. 179 V 31.66678 72.87928 − − −
26 Thatta Jahania 177 R 31.66310 72.86660 + + +
27 Adil wala bangla 169 V 31.66029 72.85530 − − −
28 194 J.B. 171 V 31.65541 72.83943 − − −
29 94 J.B. 179 V 31.64864 72.82515 − − −
30 202 J.B. 179 V 31.62264 72.77077 + + +
31 Moza Nitthar 167 R 31.59611 72.70949 − − −
32 254 J.B. 168 V 31.58803 72.69275 − − −
33 Jamya abad 168 T 31.55409 72.64627 + + +
34 Gondlan wali 167 R 31.53430 72.66215 − − −
35 Chenab mills Ltd 166 C 31.51384 72.67929 − − −
36 Bhawana city 170 C 31.50520 72.68622 − − −
37 129 J.B. 172 V 31.50039 72.69027 − − −
38 41 J.B. 165 V 31.49171 72.69737 − + +
39 223 J.B. 169 V 31.45835 72.72484 − − +
40 Rahmuana 181 V 31.42409 72.75250 − − −

Incidence of M. graminicola on different alternate hosts.

Sr # Local name Botanical name Juveniles /root sample Juveniles/soil sample Stylet bearing nematodes Non-stylet bearing nematodes
1 Della Cyperus rotundus 826.6 bc 145.6 b 11.2 de 6.6 b
2 Madhana Grass Dactyloctenium aegyptium 700.8 cd 100.0 de 11.2 de 4.4 cd
3 Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli, 4914.6 a 424.0 a 29.6 a 9.4 a
4 False Daisy Eclipta alba 646.0 d 100.6 de 22.4 b 6.4 bc
5 Knotgrass Paspalum distchum 494.2 e 91.2 e 14.6 cd 5.4 bcd
6 Toothed Dock Rumex dentatus 783.8 cd 121.0 cd 23.0 b 4.6 bcd
7 Jangli gai Avena fatua, 776.2 cd 101.6 de 18.8 bc 5.0 bcd
8 Dumbi Sitti Phalaris minor 942.8 b 129.4 bc 8.4 e 4.0 d
9 Cauliflower Brassica oleracea 142.2 f 43.4 g 10.6 de 3.4 d
10 Coriander Coriandrum sativum L. 143.8 f 85.4 ef 10.2 de 3.6 d
11 Maithi Trigonella foenum-graecum L. 178.6 f 64.4 fg 7.6 e 5.2 bcd

ITS sequences of M. graminicola isolates with GenBank accession numbers.

Location Elevation Latitude Altitude Isolate GenBank Accession Nucleotide
Rajoya 176 31.66198 072.97448 JB1CT KX757064.1 326 bp
UAF 179 31.43735 073.07427 JB2 UAF KX757065.1 328 bp
58 J.B 186 31.46937 072.99122 JB3FSD1 KX757066.1 326 bp
218 J.B 173 V 31.43074 072.97399 JB3FSD2 KX757067.1 326 bp
442 G.B 172 V 31.04441 073.00982 JB3FSD3 MH057345.1 326 bp
424 G.B 172 V 31.08084 073.14034 JB3FSD4 MH057346.1 326 bp
205 R.B 186 V 31.43253 073.23050 JB3FSD5 MH057347.1 326 bp
70 J.B 181 V 31.36304 72.909520 JB3FSD6 MH057348.1 326 bp
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