Comprehensive Energy Diagnostics Carried Out In a Residential Building – A Case Study

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The results of air flow measured in the air outlet

Flat		ti, °C	Grilles dimension, cm	Air flow, m3/h	Number of air exchanges h-1
Floor 1	M1	20.7	16×16	32	0.25
			17×17	0
	M2	21.2	16×16	30	0.61
			16×16	32
			Ø 11	30
Floor IV	M15	21.0	16×16	40	0.57
			16×16	30
			17×17	35

Designated indicators of the energy performance of the building

Thermal characteristic of the building
	Based on measurement		Based on calculations [20]		Based on calculations [20]
	ti,m = 21.6°C		ti,m = 21.6°C		ti,st = 20.0°C
	Final energy	Primary energy	Final energy	Primary energy	Final energy	Primary energy
Heating and ventilations kWh/yr	102 330	133 030	188 800	245 440	211 000	274 300
DHW kWh/yr	82 030	106 640	82 030	106 640	82 030	106 640
Auxiliaries kWh/yr	1 900	5 700	1 900	5 700	1 900	5 700
TOTAL kWh/yr	186 260	245 370	272 730	257 780	294 930	386 640
Unit indicator kWh/(m2·yr)	138	182	202	265	218	286

The results of airtightness measurements

Flat	Type of window	Micro ventilations of windows	Test conditions	V 50, m3/h	n 50, h-1	Exponent n	Correlation coefficient
M1	Wooden	no	Overpressure	425 ±0.6%	3.42	0.666 ±0.020	0.9964
			Underpressure	406 ±0.6%	3.26	0.663 ±0.020	0.9963
M2	PCV	no	Overpressure	240 ±0.9%	1.55	0.640 ±0.030	0.9915
			Underpressure	224 ±1.0%	1.44	0.680 ±0.034	0.9902
		yes	Underpressure	1372 ±0.7%	8.82	0.562 ±0.023	0.9934
M15	Wooden/PCV	no	Overpressure	751 ±1.6%	3.98	0.582 ±0.052	0.9691
			Underpressure	679 ±0.8%	3.60	0.600 ±0.028	0.9914
		yes	Underpressure	2037 ±1.0%	10.79	0.675 ±0.040	0.9865

Summary of cold and hot water consumption in the residential part of the building

	Source of data	The percentage of hot water in total water consumption	Water consumption indicator		Water consumption		Time of use in a year	Annual water consumption
			Cold + hot water	Hot water	Cold + hot water	Hot water		Cold + hot	Hot
		%	dm3/(person-day)		dm3/day		day	m3/yr
Literature values
1.	Dz.U.201.1240 [18]			38.4		1613	328.5		529.8
2.	Dz.U.2015.376 [19]			1.6 *		1728	328.5		567.7
Measurements
3.	Consumption in 2011 tDHW = 45°C	52	109	57.1	4595	2397	365	1677	875.0
4.	Consumption in 2011 (corrected) tDHW = 55°C	41	109	44.6	4595	1873	365	1677	683.6

Calculation and measurement of heat transfer coefficients of building partitions

Description	d, m	λ, W/m·K	R, m2·K/W	R, m2·K/W	U, W/(m2K)
					Calculation (archival documentation)	On-site measurement
The ceiling above the basement – thickness d = 29 cm
Thermal resistance of internal surface			0.170	0.994	1.01	1.30
Cement plaster	0.03	1.000	0.030
Expanded polystyrene	0.02	0.045	0.444
Concrete slab	0.24	1.330	0.180
Thermal resistance of external surface			0.017
The ceiling above the last floor (Roof) – thickness d = 32 cm
Thermal resistance of internal surface			0.100	1.190	0.84	0.92
Concrete slab	0.04	1.000	0.040
Mineral wool	0.04	0.052	0.769
Concrete slab	0.24	1.330	0.180
Thermal resistance of internal surface			0.100
External wall – thickness d = 27 cm
Thermal resistance of internal surface			0.130	1.470	0.68	0.73
Cement plaster	0.005	0.82	0.006
Concrete	0.15	2.30	0.061
Mineral Wool	0.06	0.05	1.200
Concrete	0.06	2.00	0.030
Thermal resistance of external surface			0.040