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Comprehensive Energy Diagnostics Carried Out In a Residential Building – A Case Study

Dorota BARTOSZ
Dorota BARTOSZ
   | 02. März 2022
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Online veröffentlicht: 02. März 2022
Seitenbereich: 137 - 150
Eingereicht: 06. Aug. 2018
Akzeptiert: 28. Aug. 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2018-060
Schlüsselwörter
© 2018 Dorota Bartosz et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Tested building
Tested building

Figure 2.

Linear bridges around window and wall panel connections
Linear bridges around window and wall panel connections

Figure 3.

Sidewall – low quality of thermal insulation in relation to other walls
Sidewall – low quality of thermal insulation in relation to other walls

Figure 4.

Collector
Collector

Figure 5.

Approaches for risers
Approaches for risers

Figure 6.

Water supply pipes in the basement (from above) – hot and cold water, circulation
Water supply pipes in the basement (from above) – hot and cold water, circulation

Figure 7.

Example dirty ventilation grille
Example dirty ventilation grille

Figure 8.

Exhaust fans in bathroom
Exhaust fans in bathroom

Figure 9.

The variability of air temperature in building and boundaries for the environment quality categories
The variability of air temperature in building and boundaries for the environment quality categories

Figure 10.

Variability of carbon dioxide concentration and boundaries for the environment quality categories
Variability of carbon dioxide concentration and boundaries for the environment quality categories

Figure 11.

Dependence of average daily power for heating on average daily temperature internal–external difference in the measurement period
Dependence of average daily power for heating on average daily temperature internal–external difference in the measurement period

The results of air flow measured in the air outlet

Flat ti, °C Grilles dimension, cm Air flow, m3/h Number of air exchanges h-1
Floor 1 M1 20.7 16×16 32 0.25
17×17 0
M2 21.2 16×16 30 0.61
16×16 32
Ø 11 30
Floor IV M15 21.0 16×16 40 0.57
16×16 30
17×17 35

Designated indicators of the energy performance of the building

Thermal characteristic of the building
Based on measurement Based on calculations [20] Based on calculations [20]
ti,m = 21.6°C ti,m = 21.6°C ti,st = 20.0°C
Final energy Primary energy Final energy Primary energy Final energy Primary energy
Heating and ventilations kWh/yr 102 330 133 030 188 800 245 440 211 000 274 300
DHW kWh/yr 82 030 106 640 82 030 106 640 82 030 106 640
Auxiliaries kWh/yr 1 900 5 700 1 900 5 700 1 900 5 700
TOTAL kWh/yr 186 260 245 370 272 730 257 780 294 930 386 640
Unit indicator kWh/(m2·yr) 138 182 202 265 218 286

The results of airtightness measurements

Flat Type of window Micro ventilations of windows Test conditions V 50, m3/h n 50, h-1 Exponent n Correlation coefficient
M1 Wooden no Overpressure 425 ±0.6% 3.42 0.666 ±0.020 0.9964
Underpressure 406 ±0.6% 3.26 0.663 ±0.020 0.9963
M2 PCV no Overpressure 240 ±0.9% 1.55 0.640 ±0.030 0.9915
Underpressure 224 ±1.0% 1.44 0.680 ±0.034 0.9902
yes Underpressure 1372 ±0.7% 8.82 0.562 ±0.023 0.9934
M15 Wooden/PCV no Overpressure 751 ±1.6% 3.98 0.582 ±0.052 0.9691
Underpressure 679 ±0.8% 3.60 0.600 ±0.028 0.9914
yes Underpressure 2037 ±1.0% 10.79 0.675 ±0.040 0.9865

Summary of cold and hot water consumption in the residential part of the building

Source of data The percentage of hot water in total water consumption Water consumption indicator Water consumption Time of use in a year Annual water consumption
Cold + hot water Hot water Cold + hot water Hot water Cold + hot Hot
% dm3/(person-day) dm3/day day m3/yr
Literature values
1. Dz.U.201.1240 [18] 38.4 1613 328.5 529.8
2. Dz.U.2015.376 [19] 1.6 * 1728 328.5 567.7
Measurements
3. Consumption in 2011 tDHW = 45°C 52 109 57.1 4595 2397 365 1677 875.0
4. Consumption in 2011 (corrected) tDHW = 55°C 41 109 44.6 4595 1873 365 1677 683.6

Calculation and measurement of heat transfer coefficients of building partitions

Description d, m λ, W/m·K R, m2·K/W R, m2·K/W U, W/(m2K)
Calculation (archival documentation) On-site measurement
The ceiling above the basement – thickness d = 29 cm
Thermal resistance of internal surface 0.170 0.994 1.01 1.30
Cement plaster 0.03 1.000 0.030
Expanded polystyrene 0.02 0.045 0.444
Concrete slab 0.24 1.330 0.180
Thermal resistance of external surface 0.017
The ceiling above the last floor (Roof) – thickness d = 32 cm
Thermal resistance of internal surface 0.100 1.190 0.84 0.92
Concrete slab 0.04 1.000 0.040
Mineral wool 0.04 0.052 0.769
Concrete slab 0.24 1.330 0.180
Thermal resistance of internal surface 0.100
External wall – thickness d = 27 cm
Thermal resistance of internal surface 0.130 1.470 0.68 0.73
Cement plaster 0.005 0.82 0.006
Concrete 0.15 2.30 0.061
Mineral Wool 0.06 0.05 1.200
Concrete 0.06 2.00 0.030
Thermal resistance of external surface 0.040
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