<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The study examines the evolution of poverty and social exclusion in post-socialist countries, in particular in Hungary. When examing the fight against poverty, the authors examine the role of social enterprises in poverty alleviation. A certain part of social enterprises is created to find solutions to social needs and critical social situations like increased and deep poverty or long-term unemployment. Their existence is justified by the fact that for many social problems, effective and long-term solutions cannot be provided by the governments, the market or public aid. We test whether there is any relationship between the extent of poverty and social exclusion and the spatial pattern of social enterprises established to alleviate poverty in Hungary, one of the post-socialist countries.
</abstract>

Social Enterprises in the Fight Against Poverty

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The Hungarian Komárom-Esztergom County (KEC) and the Slovak Nitra Region boarders with each other via natural boarder line in the Danube River. This neighbourhood means numerous inherit and mutually beneficial cross-border cooperation possibilities. In both counties, the automotive sector is one of the flagship of the regional economic development engine. In this context, it is crucial to gain a clear view about the main characteristics of the global automotive industry to get deeper understanding on KEC regional competitive advantages and the reasons beyond them. This paper is aiming to make interregional analysis and comparison between the Hungarian Komárom-Esztergom County and the Slovak Nitra Region automotive sector. In this context, Nitra Region and its automotive sector (Jaguar Land Rover-JLR) briefly summarized (main factors and the employment, education, innovation and the cross-border relations). At the same time, revealing the differences between the Hungarian-Slovak economical governance and regulation system, draw conclusions and adoptable recommendations for the domestic decision makers.
</abstract>

Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE)

Interregional Analysis of Komárom-Esztergom County (Hungary) and Nitra County (Slovakia) Automotive Sector Via the Example of the Jaguar Land Rover

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Excessive fuelwood harvest is a major cause of deforestation in developing countries. To mitigate this, various preventive measures have been introduced in different countries. The availability of affordable substitutes to the community dependent on the forest for domestic energy consumption may prevent further forest degradation. A stock-dependent optimal control model of fuelwood harvest from a natural forest is presented here and comparative statics has been used to show that the presence of a fuelwood substitute will reduce its harvest and increase the forest stock. The model indicates that the availability of cheaper and high-energy content alternatives for fuelwood can substantially reduce fuelwood extraction from a forest. Also, a lower discount rate and higher cultural and spiritual values (CSV) will keep the optimal forest stock close to its carrying capacity and reduce fuelwood harvest. The model reveals that the maximum sustainable yield of forest stock and the ratio of energy content per unit mass of fuel plays a central role in the fate of forest stock and the level of fuelwood harvest. An empirical example of the Southeast Asian Forest growth model along with Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a substitute has been used to illustrate the results. The outcomes of this study can be incorporated into forest conservation policies.
</abstract>

Conservation of Forest, Based on a Fuelwood Substitute as Well as Considering the Cultural and Spiritual Values: An Optimal Fuelwood Harvest Model

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The present paper analyses the relationship between farm incomes and farm involvement in agritourism activities in four countries of the Visegrád Group (V4) in comparison to the European Union. The analysis is based on the Farm Accountancy Data Network database of the EU for 2004–2020, and applies descriptive statistics, correlations, and multivariate panel regression analysis. Results show that the larger share of agritourism within gross farm income is associated with lower family farm income per family worker, and this is particularly true for larger farms. This means that in area of the Visegrád Group agritourism is more important in farms with worse profitability and more in need of additional incomes while in the rest of the EU countries an opposite tendency prevails. The paper empirically assesses a rather long time period, focusing on the four countries of the Visegrád Group compared to the rest of the EU member states and it measures the impact of agritourism revenues on various measures of farm income. Agritourism profitability has been assessed by hundreds of papers but the present paper compares agritourism profitability to that of traditional agriculture, and assesses a much longer time period than earlier research.
</abstract>

Impacts of Agritourism Revenues on Farm Incomes in 2004–2020 – The V4 Experience

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

In consonance with the universal quest for sustainable development, the United Nations (UN) declared 17 global goals in 2015 known as the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Scholarly literature has highlighted the relevance of trees and forests (TFs) to this quest from various perspectives. However, the perspectives appear elitist, as they tend to exclude those of some seemingly ordinary but actually crucial actors whose activities directly affect the growth, health, and population of TFs, namely small-scale farmers, chainsaw operators, and artisanal miners operating particularly in rural areas in developing countries. The study examined the excluded perspectives of the said actors in selected rural comminutes in Ghana on the relevance of TFs to SD. The study was guided by the SDGs in its data collection, analysis, and reporting approach. Focus group discussions were held with the farmers and miners, while in-depth interviews were held with the chainsaw operators. The actors‘ perspectives generally indicated that TFs were relevant to seven, not relevant to six, and somehow relevant to four of the 17 SDGs. Although the actors saw TFs as important for SD, they (actors) were not favourably disposed to tree-planting for purposes of land restoration because they saw TFs as renewable resources with natural regenerative capacity. Stronger advocacy and more intensive sensitization by the central and local governments, forestry commission, and other pro-environmental organisations, institutions, and agencies on the importance of growing, nurturing, and conserving TFS for SD are recommended. Furthermore, the government should enforce regulations to stop the destruction of TFs by the actors to ensure a sustainable green environment for sustainable development.
</abstract>

Relevance of Trees and Forests to Sustainable Development: Perspectives of Key Rural Actors in Selected Communities, Ghana

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The cultivation of grapes and the production of grape wine have a long tradition in Slovakia. In the paper, we deal with the analysis of the grape and wine market in Slovakia in the years 2011–2020. Vineyards have approximately 1% representation in agricultural land. The average area of vineyards in the monitored period was at the level of 11,485 ha, of which 80% were fruiting vineyards. Their acreage was mainly comprised of cider varieties (97%) and a small portion of table varieties (2%) and hybrids of all varieties (1%). The production of grapes showed a fluctuating trend, but on average 46,913 t of grapes were produced in Slovakia. The average yield was 5.3 t/ha. The territory of Slovakia is divided into 6 wine-growing regions, the largest being the Malokarpatský region, the average area of which was 4,930 ha, and the smallest region, Tokaj, with an average area of 1,091 ha. On average, 340,000 hl of wine were produced in Slovakia, of which 67% was white wine production. Imports exceeded exports of wine. The number of winemakers as well as traders with wine products is growing from year to year.
</abstract>

Analysis of the Grape and Wine Market in Slovakia

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The European Union‘s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) provides EU countries with significant resources. Land-based payments are a major part of farmers‘ income. By linking subsidies, the amount of funds received per hectare by subsidy claimants can be increased. The majority of subsidies do not impose any production obligations but simply require compliance with landscape conservation and environmental protection measures. The high level of subsidies is exacerbated by the weak euro-forint exchange rate, which has degraded some parts of agriculture into an investment. Continued concentration of land holdings has led to a significant share of subsidies going to farms which further increase land concentration and thus negative rural trends. The support for vegetable plants belongs to the category of coupled support, even though there is no obligation to produce. In the analysis of support, it is of particular importance to look at individuals and non-individuals separately, as well as the size of holdings. In my analysis, I further disaggregate the currently used categories of holdings and analyse them separately by claimant.
</abstract>

Territorial Inequalities in Vegetable Plant Payments in Hungary

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History connected with the evolution of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility is long, in contrast with history connected with development of the concept of bioeconomy, which is still relatively new. The aim of this paper is to systematically review both concepts in context of one another along with ways of thinking that contributed to the understanding of these concepts that we have now. The applied method is literature review by which it will be possible to choose the most interesting as well as important perspectives that shaped both concepts. This paper can be beneficial to those who search for relevance of CSR with focus on environmental sustainability, how can it address environmental issues of nowadays, that can be used for implications in practice, and how the views on CSR as well as bioeconomy developed over time.
</abstract>

Theoretical Aspects of CSR on the Context of Bioeconomy

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Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development

The international scientific journal “Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development” was published as a part of the IVF Strategic Project “Sustainability in Agrisector of V4 Countries and Cooperating Regions” by the Faculty of Economics and Management. Published since 2011.    The journal is administered by an international Editorial Board.  The journal is published twice a year.   The journal focuses on issues of the Visegrad countries and cooperating regions in the area of sustainable development and bioeconomy and especially on the following topics:　    Integrated Bioeconomy at global, European, regional, and local levels,  Sustainable management of natural resources and sustainable agri-food production,  Sustainability, traceability, and food security in the supply chains,  Global sustainable development and its challenges,  Climate change mitigation, land degradation and biodiversity,  Green economy agenda and institutional framework,  Renewable resources of energy,  Rural, agricultural and forestry development,  Entrepreneurship, international trade, and innovations.   Papers are published in English.  Why subscribe and read  "Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development" is an excellent international scientific journal with the focus on the issues of the Visegrad countries and cooperating regions in the area of sustainable development and bioeconomy.  Why submit  The journal offers the authors a great opportunity to publish their papers in a quality international scientific journal enabling them to share the results of their research.  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 