<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec>
<h3>Background</h3>
<p>Prognostic factors in cancers are believed to be one of the most important discoveries in oncology. However, due to the development of integrated science they are not restricted to morphological anomalies anymore. In everyday routine the light microscope markers are systematically replaced by new ones, especially of immunohistochemical and molecular type. It leads to the question what is the relation of the oldest prognostic parameters to the basic and newly discovered pathways common for cancer disease itself.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<p>The aim of presented studies is to investigate the most modern factors involved in pathological processes in the two models of cancer disease, glioblastoma in adults and neuroblastoma in developmental age to search for potential relation with the established prognostic factors appropriately to the tumor type, including the oldest known light microscope parameters – tumor histology and proliferation rate of cancer cells.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Material and methods</h3>
<p>Immunohistochemical assessment of expression of c-jun in glioblastoma and TGF-beta in neuroblastoma group in relation to chosen histoclinical features: patients’ related (age, gender) and tumor related; including all the widely excepted prognostic parameters regarding the tumor type (location, histological type (neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma), tumor histology (favorable, unfavorable), Ki-67 index, stage.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>Variations of c-jun immunoexpression were revealed in glioblastoma as well as differences in TGF-beta expression in neuroblastoma regarding the examined histoclinical features. Furthermore, in both cancer groups the levels of the examined protein expression appeared to relate to cancer cell proliferation estimated by the established parameter – Ki67 indices.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>In both models of cancer disease, glioblastoma in adults and neuroblastoma in developmental age there is a crossing of pathways of the oldest and the newest cancer disease markers. Although integrated science offers the most advanced approaches it is important to consider the old established prognostic parameters in prognostication in individual, especially doubtful cases.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

The Pilot Study of C-jun and TGF-beta Immunoexpression in Relation to the Oldest Cancer Biomarkers – Tumor Histology and Proliferation Rate in Glioblastoma and Neuroblastoma Models of Cancer Disease

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>Human resource management is a key process in organisation management. Skilful management of the staff, setting the goals and motivating the employees to high-level performance of their tasks help to achieve the organisation’s goals consistently.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Purposes</h3>
<p>The study was aimed to analyse the process of motivating the doctors and nurses working in the Tomaszów Health Centre and to investigate the staff’s satisfaction with the incentives used in their workplace.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Materials and methods</h3>
<p>The study population covered fifty doctors and fifty nurses employed at four departments of the Tomaszów Health Centre. The study involved an analysis of the factors which motivate and demotivate the THC staff and an investigation of the incentives used towards the staff. The level of the study population (doctors and nurses) satisfaction with the methods of their motivation was also examined.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>The analysis of the results revealed that the most desired factors with the most positive impact on the staff motivation level include appreciation bonuses (40% of the respondents), good atmosphere at work (38%) and the possibility to enhance one’s qualifications (21%). The stimulus which affects the effectiveness of the staff’s performance of their duties is an orally expressed praise of the CEO/president, boss or superior (31%). The doctors and nurses in the study population do not feel satisfied with the incentive scheme used in the THC (69%).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>In-cash factors play the most important role in the incentive scheme for the majority of THC’s employees. Most of the doctors and nurses working for THC do not feel satisfied with the incentives used in their workplace.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Human Resource Management in the Group of Doctors and Nurses Employed in the Tomaszów Health Centre in Tomaszów Mazowiecki

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>In 2009, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) stated that there was “limited evidence of a cause and effect relationship between an increased risk of breast cancer and smoking”. Environmental tobacco smoke is known to cause cancer by exerting both carcinogenic and genotoxic effects. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between smoking (active and passive) and breast cancer risk.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Material and methods</h3>
<p>The case/control study was conducted from 2015– –2019 in the Lodz region. The case group included 384 women with breast cancer; the control group included 298 healthy women. The research tool was an anonymous questionnaire.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>In the group of 682 respondents, 63% have ever smoked cigarettes (65.4%/60.1% in the case/control group respectively), 22.1% were current smokers, 67% were exposed to passive smoking. In the majority of cases, women were exposed to smoking by the husband (86%), the father (55.5%) or both (43.2%). Breast cancer risk is 253–271% higher for smokers (current – past) in comparison to the group of non-smokers, never exposed to passive smoking. The risk for passive smokers is 139% higher than for those not exposed.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of breast cancer. Public awareness of the negative consequences of passive smoking should be raised.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Smoking Tobacco – a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>Advertising of tobacco products contributes to the increase in the number of smokers. Also in Poland, the regulations in force prohibit advertising and promotion of tobacco products, symbols related to their use, as well as tobacco props and products imitating them. This prohibition applies to the promotion and advertising of tobacco products, including in public places, schools, health care institutions, but also on television, radio, in the press, cinemas and on billboards. The 6 effective actions of the MPOWER package of the World Health Organization, which may limit the consumption of tobacco products in society, include the elimination of marketing practices violating the ban on promotion and advertising of tobacco products, as well as warning and informing about health risks related to the use of tobacco. According to research, graphic health warnings on tobacco products are effective. They reliably reach tobacco users every time they use these products.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Aim</h3>
<p>The aim of the study was to assess the perception of advertisements for tobacco products and warnings about the harmful effects of smoking by smokers.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Material and methods</h3>
<p>A survey conducted in 2015. 114 smokers from Piotrków County. The research tool was a questionnaire. The Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Lodz issued a positive opinion on the study (RNN/243/15/KE).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>During the last 30 days, smokers most often encountered information on the harmful effects of smoking on television (54%) and in newspapers or magazines (52%).</p>
<p>Within the last 30 days, 97% of respondents saw information on the dangers of smoking on cigarette packets. 54% of smokers, under the influence of health warnings on cigarette packets, considered stopping smoking in the last 30 days. Smokers noticed forms of promotion of cigarettes: as many as 16% of respondents noticed free cigarette samples, 13% of discounted cigarettes. 36% of smokers believed that advertising and displaying tobacco products at points of sale did not affect the type of product purchased.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>There is a need for interventions to alert against the dangers of smoking. Rules to ban tobacco display and smoke warning can help reduce smoking.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Perception of Advertising of Tobacco Products and Warnings about the Harmfulness of Smoking by Smokers

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>A scientific school could be defined as a form of community that includes a group of scholars, researchers sharing similar ideas, and approaching specific scientific problems in the same way. The crucial characteristic of a scientific school is based on values, culture and identity of scholars represented by similar research orientation.</p>
<p>The objective of the paper is to describe the characteristics of the organizational identity of medical science schools. The research methodology is based on a review of the literature on the subject.</p>
</abstract>

Identity and Culture of Medical Schools in Poland

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec>
<h3>Background</h3>
<p>Obesity was declared an epidemic of the 21st century by WHO. Currently, as many as 39% of adults in the world are overweight and 13% are obese. The number of obese people in the world has tripled since 1975. As is well known, excessive abnormal body weight has a significant impact on the functioning of the entire body. It is very common to emphasize education on cardiovascular implications related to obesity matter – however, overweight and obese patients may also be a group particularly vulnerable to problems related to the urogenital system.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<p>The aim of the study is to draw attention and discuss the problems related to the above-mentioned system, to which this group of patients is exposed more frequently than patients with normal body weight. They include dysfunctions that do not pose a threat to the patient’s life, but significantly reduce the quality of life, such as urinary incontinence and impotence, and severe and even life-threatening diseases such as chronic kidney disease or cancer.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Material and methods</h3>
<p>Based on numerous data available on this subject and collected from various research centers using Google Scholar and Pub-Med, the most recent and the most important information on this subject has been summarized. To better present and understand the problem, the mechanisms were also discussed, so that the work is a complete analysis, particularly useful in the current obesity epidemic.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>Obesity is associated with an increased risk of many diseases of the urogenital system. It causes a worse prognosis and makes treatment less effective. Treatment of obesity should be the first line of treatment of the discussed diseases of the genitourinary system.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>Obesity is a serious and growing problem all over the world. It has an impact on the epidemiology of many diseases of the urogenital system, therefore paying special attention to its prevention and treatment seems to be one of the most important foundations for the prevention and treatment of dysfunctions of the genitourinary system.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Is Obesity Significantly Connected with Urogenital Disorders? – Systematic Review

AHEAD OF PRINT

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Journal of Health Study and Medicine

The Journal of Health Study and Medicine (JHSM) is dedicated to publish original scientific articles about all aspects of medicine, covering significant developments in the field of medical sciences, as well as a wide range of issues concerning health study and related research areas. By extending the primary scope, it is an interdisciplinary journal that bridges computer science and medicine. This allows to present the latest scientific achievements together with engineering innovations that drive the progress of medicine, such as healthcare robots, smart wearable devices, intelligent diagnostic systems, telemedicine, and medical applications focusing on artificial intelligence (AI). The AI applications may concern medical image recognition, diagnostics, individually adapted therapies, health risk assessment, virtual nursing assistants, healthcare administration, healthcare analytics, and much more. In addition, the journal covers full spectrum of medical sciences and applied AI methods such as expert systems, artificial neural networks, including deep learning, fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy systems, hybrid intelligent systems, and others. Other relevant fields such as bioinformatics, biocybernetics, and biomedical engineering, are also relevant to the scope of this journal.  Moreover, the journal is open to presenting issues at the intersection of medicine and social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, and management. In particular, we expect articles that will show the current situation of health care in individual countries (such topics as patient satisfaction with the quality of medical services and the work of medical staff, training of professional managers specialising in health care) or selected public health problems (e.g., quality of life with selected diseases, knowledge in the areas of prevention of selected diseases, etc.).   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 