<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The use of silicon (Si) in agriculture has attracted a great deal of interest from researchers because of the numerous benefits of this element to plants. The use of silicon has decreased the intensity of several diseases in crops of great economic importance. In this study, the relationship between silicon nutrition and fungal disease development in plants was reviewed. The current review underlines the agricultural importance of silicon in crops, the potential for controlling fungal plant pathogens by silicon treatment, the different mechanisms of silicon-enhanced resistance, and the inhibitory effects of silicon on plant pathogenic fungi <italic>in vitro</italic>. By combining the data presented in this paper, a better comprehension of the relationship between silicon treatments, increasing plant resistance, and decreasing severity of fungal diseases could be achieved.</abstract>

The role of silicon (Si) in increasing plant resistance against fungal diseases

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Plant-associated environments harbor a huge number of diverse bacteria that compete and/or cooperate for the occupation of the most nutrient-rich ecological niches. Motility, a common trait among bacteria, has long been assumed to provide a survival advantage to skilful bacteria in invading these environments. Bacterial surface motility, such as swarming, a flagella-driven type of surface movement, although mostly observed and studied on agar substrates, is emerging as a major trait involved in many functions of plant-associated bacteria in regard to their ability to colonize and spread on their host. In this review, we address some novel swarming motility strategies, which enable bacteria to colonize, disperse and compete in plant surfaces.</abstract>

Swarming motility in plant-associated bacteria

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Root-knot nematodes are among the most important pests that reduce tomato yield in greenhouses and fields in Iran. The scope of this research was to evaluate the antagonistic effect of <italic>Trichoderma viride</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic> CHA0 on the reproduction and galling rate of <italic>Meloidogyne javanica</italic> in tomato roots. A pot experiment was conducted on seedlings of tomato cultivars Bony best, Falat, Mobile and Walter grown in sterilized sandy loam soil. Inocula used for artificial inoculation were 3 J2/g of soil for the nematode, 1×106 spores/ml for the fungus and 1×109 cfu/ml for the bacterium. The nematicide RUGBY® 10 G (cadusafos) was used as a reference product at 2g per each pot. Two months after inoculation, the number of knots and egg masses per root in the treatments were (with descending order): control (nematode), nematode+bacterium, nematode+fungus, nematode+fungus+bacterium and nematode+nematicide. The combination fungus+bacterium enhanced the biocontrol effect against <italic>M. javanica</italic> activity as compared to the fungus and bacterium stand-alone treatments except for the cases of the cultivars Mobile and Bonny best in which the effect was similar to the one by the fungus alone. The <italic>fungus + bacterium</italic> combined treatment was equally effective to the nematicide treatment for all cultivars. The highest and lowest rate of nematode activity was observed in Walter and Mobile cultivars, respectively.</abstract>

<italic>Trichoderma viride</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic> CHA0 against <italic>Meloidogyne javanica</italic> in the rhizosphere of tomato plants

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The effects of salicylic acid (SA), <italic>Trichoderma viride</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic> CHA0 were studied on the root-knot nematode <italic>Meloidogyne incognita</italic> race 2 in resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars (Gina VF, Falat CH, Falat 111, Karoon) during 2012-2013. Four-leaf tomato seedlings were used, grown in pots containing 1000 g of sterilized soil; each seedling receiving 20 ml of <italic>T. viride</italic> suspension containing 1×106 spores, 30 ml of <italic>P. fluorescens</italic> CHA0 with 109 cfu/ml, 5mM of salicylic acid and 2000 second stage nematode juveniles. Parameters relevant to nematode population and plant growth were evaluated. The biocontrol agents and salicylic acid were effective in nematode control in combined and single treatments. High reductions in root galling and egg mass indices were observed with combination of SA and biocontrol agents. The greatest increase in plant growth was obtained when cv. Falat CH was treated with SA followed by <italic>P. fluorescens</italic> CHA0 and <italic>T. viride</italic>. The highest number of galls was recorded in cv. Karoon, followed by cvs. Falat 111, Gina VF and Falat CH. <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic> CHA0 provoked the highest increase in fresh and dry root weight, fresh and dry shoot weight and plant length in all free nematode treatments. The results indicated that chemical inducer (salicylic acid), in combination with biocontrol agents (<italic>T. viride</italic> and <italic>P. fluorescens</italic> CHA0), stimulated and eventually increased plant growth.</abstract>

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, P.O. Box: 41635-1314, Rasht, Iran

Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, P.O. Box: 33191-18651, Tehran, Iran

Effectiveness of salicylic acid, <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic> CHA0 and <italic>Trichoderma viride</italic> to control <italic>Meloidogyne incognita</italic> race 2 on different tomato cultivars

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">During a survey in Iran, two known species of plant-parasitic nematodes of the families Tylenchidae and Criconematidae were reported for the first time. The morphological and morphometric characters of Iranian populations of the two recovered species are discussed and illustrated based on morphological and morphometrics data. Iranian population of <italic>Filenchus orientalis</italic> is characterized by having a 601-755μm body length, stylet length of 9.0-11.3 μm, lateral field with four incisures, tail length of 100-118 μm and males with 15-21 μm long spicules. <italic>Hemicriconemoides californianus</italic> population is characterized by having a body length of 430-550μm, lip region with two annuli, stylet length of 75-83μm and tail length of 20-28 μm. The morphological and morphometric characters of both species are in agreement with those in original descriptions.</abstract>

Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

First report of the nematodes <italic>Filenchus orientalis</italic> and <italic>Hemicriconemoides californianus</italic> on faba bean in Iran

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Hellenic Plant Protection Journal

 The Hellenic Plant Protection Journal (HPPJ) (ISSN 1791-3691) is the scientific publication of the Benaki Phytopathological Institute (BPI) replacing the Annals of the Benaki Phytopathological Institute (ISSN 1790-1480) which had been published since 1935. Starting from January 2008, the Hellenic Plant Protection Journal is published semiannually, in January and July each year.  HPPJ publishes scientific work on all aspects of plant health and plant protection referring to plant pathogens, pests, weeds, pesticides and relevant environmental and safety issues. In addition, the topics of the journal extend to aspects related to pests of public health in agricultural and urban areas.  Papers submitted for publication can be either in the form of a complete research article or in the form of a sufficiently documented short communication (including new records). Only original articles which have not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere are considered for publication in the journal. Review articles in related topics, either submitted or invited by the Editorial Board, are also published, normally one article per issue. Upon publication all articles are copyrighted by the BPI.  Manuscripts should be prepared according to instructions available to authors and submitted in electronic form through Editorial Manager. All submitted manuscripts are considered and published after successful completion of a review procedure by two competent referees.  The content of the articles published in HPPJ reflects the view and the official position of the authors. The information and opinions contained herein have not been adopted or approved by the HPPJ Editorial Board. The HPPJ Editorial Board neither guarantees the accuracy of the information included in the published articles nor may be held responsible for the use to which information contained herein may be put.  For all parties involved in the act of publishing (the author(s), the journal editor(s), the peer reviewers, and the publisher) it is necessary to agree upon standards of expected ethical behavior. HPPJ follows the ethics statements of De Gruyter journals, which are based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Code of Conduct guidelines available at www.publicationethics.org.  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal

Volume 9 (2016): Issue 1 (January 2016)

The role of silicon (Si) in increasing plant resistance against fungal diseases

Swarming motility in plant-associated bacteria

Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 against Meloidogyne javanica in the rhizosphere of tomato plants

Effectiveness of salicylic acid, Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and Trichoderma viride to control Meloidogyne incognita race 2 on different tomato cultivars

First report of the nematodes Filenchus orientalis and Hemicriconemoides californianus on faba bean in Iran

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