<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>This study used Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) to explore potential environmental determinants of Fusarium wilt occurrence on banana in south-central part of the Philippines. Different variables representing topographic, bioclimatic, and edaphic features of an area were tested against data of Fusarium wilt occurrence. Based on the results, precipitation during the driest month, precipitation during the wettest month, precipitation of the warmest quarter, slope, and elevation were the most important variables for predicting the probability of Fusarium wilt occurrence on banana. Results also suggest that among the variables tested, precipitation had the major contribution to the occurrence of Fusarium wilt.</abstract>

Exploring environmental determinants of Fusarium wilt occurrence on banana in South Central Mindanao, Philippines

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Sunflower, maize and potato are among the world’s principal crops. In order to improve various traits, these crops have been genetically engineered to a great extent. Even though molecular markers for simple traits such as, fertility, herbicide tolerance or specific pathogen resistance have been successfully used in marker-assisted breeding programs for years, agronomical important complex quantitative traits like yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance and seed quality content are challenging and require whole genome approaches. Collections of genetic resources for these crops are conserved worldwide and represent valuable resources to study complex traits. Nowadays technological advances and the availability of genome sequence have made novel approaches on the whole genome level possible. Molecular breeding, including both transgenic approach and marker-assisted breeding have facilitated the production of large amounts of markers for high density maps and allowed genome-wide association studies and genomic selection in sunflower, maize and potato. Marker-assisted selection related to hybrid performance has shown that genomic selection is a successful approach to address complex quantitative traits and to facilitate speeding up breeding programs in these crops in the future.</abstract>

Molecular advances on agricultural crop improvement to meet current cultivating demands

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>Avermectins and spinosyns are structurally related natural products of microbial origin and belong to a new family of macrolides which are active against a vast array of invertebrate pests. In the present study, the effects of four members of macrolides; abamectin (ABM), emamectin benzoate (EMB), spinosad (SPI) and spinetoram (SPIT), on <italic>Meloidogyne incognita</italic> were investigated under <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> conditions. All compounds reduced egg hatching and led to high mortality of the nematode second-stage juveniles (J2). ABM showed the maximum rate of egg hatching inhibition and J2 mortality while SPIT recorded the minimum. All treatments reduced the number of galls, egg masses, eggs/egg mass in roots and J2 in the soil when compared to the control. Based on the 10 folds of the 24 h-LC50 values of J2 mortality <italic>in vitro</italic>, EMB and ABM exhibited higher percent reduction in galls (79.68 and 71.45%), egg masses (75.19 and 70.54%), eggs/egg mass (60.49 and 40.91%) and J2 in the soil (90.31 and 86.54%), respectively, compared to SPI and SPIT. Significant increase in tomato shoot height occurred in all biopesticides (10 folds) and SPIT (20 folds). SPI at 10 folds of the 24 h-LC50 values of J2 mortality <italic>in vitro,</italic> significantly increased root length while ABM at 50 folds and SPIT at 20 folds decreased root length by 5.15% and 5.88%, respectively, compared to the untreated inoculated plants. In all treatments, the dry shoot and root weights increased, compared to the untreated control. Our findings suggest that these macrolides have the ability to regulate nematode population densities and may be an alternative to classical nematicides.</abstract>

Investigating the <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> nematicidal performance of structurally related macrolides against the root-knot nematode, <italic>Meloidogyne incognita</italic>

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title><italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic> is a soil borne pathogen responsible for root and stem rot on a wide range of crops. This study was conducted to identify the virulence of different <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> isolates on a susceptible local peanut germplasm and determine the resistance of 20 peanut genotypes to the most virulent isolate and also the relationship between virulence and mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs). Seventy eight isolates of this fungus from 10 host plants and six known MCGs were used in the experiment. The experiment was done in greenhouse conditions (25±5°C) using a complete randomized block design with three replications. Pots containing sterile soil (pH=6.7) were inoculated with barley seeds colonized by each isolate separately before being seeded with the peanut germplasm. Disease severity was assessed by scoring the wilting, yellowing or death of plants, mycelia or sclerotia production on the soil surface or on plant stem, stem area affected (%) and stem lesion length, at the stage of plant maturity. Also, shoot wet weight and plant height were recorded at this stage. According to the results of the pathogenicity tests, all of the isolates were virulent on the susceptible peanut germplasm and the virulence diff ered signifi cantly between the isolates (P≤0.01). There was no relationship between the virulence of the five groups of isolates identified in the present study and the MCGs. The peanut genotype 140, which was better than the others based on seed size, plant height and the canopy size, was also the most resistant one</abstract>

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, P.O. Box: 41635-1314, Rasht, Iran

Department of Plant Protection, Rice Research Institute of Iran, P.O. Box: 1658, Rasht, Iran

Evaluation of the virulence of <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic> isolates on <italic>Arachis hypogaea</italic> and screening for resistant genotypes in greenhouse conditions

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>During a survey on the biodiversity of plant-parasitic nematodes in citrus orchards of Khuzestan province (Southwestern Iran), 97 root and soil samples were collected. Nematodes were extracted and identified using morphological and morphometric diagnostic characters. Six nematode species were identified, namely: <italic>Helicotylenchus abunaamai, H. crenacauda, Pratylenchus allius, P. musii, Psilenchus hilarulus</italic> and <italic>Tylenchulus semipenetrans</italic>. Except <italic>T. semipenetrans</italic>, the remaining five species were found only in the rhizosphere of citrus, not in citrus roots, and their pathogenicity on citrus plants was not further studied. This is the first record of <italic>P. allius</italic> and <italic>P. musii</italic> for the nematode fauna in Iran. <italic>H. crenacauda</italic> is a new record for the nematode fauna in the Khuzestan province and is reported for the first time in citrus orchards in Iran. To our knowledge, this is the first report of <italic>H. abunaamai</italic> in citrus orchards worldwide.</abstract>

Plant parasitic nematodes fauna in citrus orchards in Khuzestan province, Southwestern Iran

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title> Common burdock <italic>(Arctium minus)</italic> is a common biennial weed of non-arable land in typical rural settings of Orestiada, Greece. The aim of this study was to describe the basic morphological traits of this species throughout the main phenological stages of its life cycle and to obtain some insight into its growth and productivity in Orestiada. Based on our observations, the plants occurred most commonly in moist and fertile soils, usually as isolated individuals or in small patches near the parent plants. The species is characterized by its large basal ‘elephant-ear’ leaves during the vegetative stage, appearing in alternate arrangement, with irregularly wavy and non-toothed edges, as well as with long hollow stalks forming a noticeable furrow on the top. By monitoring individual plants, it was found that fl owering (in the second year of growth) mostly occurred from late June up to early August. The fl owers were purple, occurring in bristly heads at the top of the stem. The bristly heads formed a fruit, containing small black seeds. The average number of capitula per plant, from randomly selected populations in Orestiada, was found to be 69.7 and 57.7 respectively, whereas the mean seed number per capitulum reached 30.3 and 33.3 seeds, respectively</abstract>

Common burdock <italic>(Arctium minus)</italic>: a common weed of nonarable land in Orestiada, Greece

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
Adjuvants are used with herbicides to increase their efficacy. In this study, it was demonstrated that the application of 0.1% of the non-ionic surfactant (NIS, Contact) and 0.5 L ha−1 of a crop oil concentrate (COC, Renol) did not improve the efficacy of rimsulfuron on <italic>Amaranthus retroflexus.</italic> In contrast, the same treatments enhanced performance and rainfastnes of rimsulfuron in <italic>Chenopodium album.</italic> Increasing non-ionic surfactant concentration to 1 L ha−1 increased rimsulfuron performance around 10-fold for <italic>A. retroflexus</italic> compared to around 3-fold for <italic>C. album.</italic> The same treatment reduced 12-fold the rainfastness of rimsulfuron on <italic>A. retroflexus</italic> while improving 2-fold the rainfastness of rimsulfuron on <italic>C. album</italic>. Measured ED50 and ED90 doses of rimsulfuron indicated that the addition of the 0.2 L ha−1 of NIS improved the recommended (60 g a.i. ha-1) and the reduced (30 g a.i. ha−1) dose effect of rimsulfurom in potato crop in the field. The highest potato yield was recorded (60 tons per ha) when 60 g ai. ha−1 of rimsulfuron was applied at three growth stages [leaf development (S1) + vegetatively propagated organs (S4) + development of tuber (S7)] of the crop without using a NIS; not significant differences were measured when the same dose of rimsulfuron was applied at the three (S1, S4, and S7) and two (S1, S4) growth stages with NIS.
</abstract>

Effects of adjuvants on the effectiveness and rainfastness of rimsulfuron in potato

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In Morocco, the climate conditions are favorable for the establishment and the spread of <italic>Xylella fastidiosa (X.f)</italic>. However, the successful establishment of the bacterium depends on many factors; mainly: bacterial subspecies and sequence type, host plants susceptibility, feeding behavior and transmission efficiency of the insect vectors. Knowledge of the relationship between the bacterium–affected crop agro-ecosystem and potential insect vectors is of crucial importance. In this work, we list the tritrophic interaction <italic>X.f</italic>-host plants-insect vectors that occur worldwide in order to apply it to the current situation in Morocco and for risk analysis on the bacterium in the country. Two most relevant <italic>X.f</italic> subspecies of the bacterium (in terms of impact on crops) were considered, namely, subsp. <italic>fastidiosa</italic> and subsp. <italic>pauca</italic>. Based on the international literature and public databases, the majority of the <italic>X.f</italic>-insect vectors are comprised in two families: Cicadellidae and Aphrophoridae. Among all cicadellid species recorded, a high number had the capacity to transmit <italic>X.f</italic> to hosts in America while this ability is null for other regions (except <italic>Graphocephala versuta</italic> Say (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) recorded in Algeria). In Morocco, none of the cicadellid genera reported worldwide as vectors of <italic>X.f,</italic> have been so far reported, whereas many species of spittlebugs and leafhoppers are present. <italic>Philaenus tesselatus</italic> Melichar (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is highly abundant in Morocco and could play a role as potential vector in case the bacterium is introduced in the country. With regard to the <italic>X.f</italic> hosts, citrus, olive, almond and grapevine, forest agroecosystems and oleander are considered the main susceptible species present in Morocco.
</abstract>

Worldwide potential insect vectors of <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic> and assessment of their importance with a focus on Morocco

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
Insect dependency of apple crop for pollination vary in different cultivars. The cv. ‘Delicious Pilafa Tripoleos’, is a Protected Designation of Origin apple of Greece, which lacks information on self-compatibility and needs for insect pollination for commercial fruit production. Here, the effect of wind, free (wind and insects), honeybee, free with at least one visit from a bumblebee and hand pollination was examined on fruit set and fruit characteristics. Also, the effect of flowering patches as a practice to attract pollinators in the apple orchards, on fruit quality characteristics was studied. A pollinizer apple variety and insect pollinators are necessary for successful pollination of ‘Delicious Pilafa Tripoleos’ since hand pollination with pollen of the same cv., and wind pollination resulted in very low fruit set. Single flower visits by honeybees could give fruit set, however, free pollination with at least one visit of <italic>B. terrestris</italic> resulted in higher fruit set compared to the other pollination treatments. Free pollination resulted in more fruits with higher number of seeds than wind pollination (only one fruit obtained). Apples produced from flowers adjacent to the flowering mixture patches had significantly higher skin firmness and lower total soluble solids at harvest (both desirable traits for ‘Delicious Pilafa Tripoleos’), compared to fruits from trees in naturally occurring groundcover.
</abstract>

Pollination and fruit set of the Protected Designation of Origin apple cv. ‘Delicious Pilafa Tripoleos’ depends on insect pollinators

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) was detected in several rose plants showing symptoms of rose mosaic disease (RMD) in Beqaa valley, Lebanon. PNRSV was found in 29 plants by molecular and serological analyses, while other viruses associated with RMD were absent. Although PNRSV is known to have a wide host range, the present paper reports the first occurrence of PNRSV on rose plants in Lebanon.
</abstract>

First report of prunus necrotic ringspot virus infecting rose (<italic>Rosa</italic> spp.) in Lebanon

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
The dioecious gymnosperm self-sown ornamental plant <italic>Ephedra foeminea</italic> Forssk (Ephedraceae: Gnetales) has a special interest due to its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties. The present study contributes with data about the phenology of the plant in Attica, Greece, and the complex of its scale insect pests (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha), <italic>Stotzia ephedrae</italic> (Newstead) (Coccidae) (morphology, phenology, biology, natural enemies), <italic>Dynaspidiotus ephedrarum</italic> (Lindinger) (morphology, natural enemies) and <italic>Leucaspis riccae</italic> Targioni Tozzetti (Diaspididae) (natural enemies), based on observations made from April 2021 to June 2023. <italic>Stotzia ephedrae</italic> which was the scale species found in higher numbers on <italic>E. foeminea</italic> is a univoltine, oviparous and biparental species recorded as settled 1st instar nymph on the shoots of <italic>E. foeminea</italic> from May to January. The fecundity of the scale fluctuated between 370 and 598 eggs per female. The results on the phenology of <italic>S. ephedrae</italic> contribute to the knowledge of the critical period for the pest control, i.e. from May to January during which the scale remains in the sensitive first instar. In addition, the records of parasitoids and predators in the colonies of the scale insects infesting <italic>E. foeminea</italic> provide information on the available natural enemies for potential use in biological control schemes of these pests.
</abstract>

New data on the scale insect pests of <italic>Ephedra foeminea</italic> in Greece

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
The study examined the repellency of <italic>Gardenia jasminoides</italic> ethanol-extracted oil against the German cockroach, <italic>Blattella germanica</italic>, and the pharaoh ant, <italic>Monomorium pharaonis</italic>, which are serious pests in areas of public health hygiene. For the repellency tests, 31.4 μg of the oil was applied per cm2 on one half of filter paper discs (9 or 15 cm diameter for the ant and cockroach, respectively), whereas the other half was treated as control (DMSO + Tween). Repellency effects were observed 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the insect release. The oil showed high repellency against all life stages of cockroaches and worker ants. The maximum repellency was observed for the cockroach adults (81.7 ± 3.1%) followed by the fourth, third and second nymphal stages (76.7 ± 4.2, 75.0 ± 3.4, and 56.7 ± 8.4%, respectively), after 1h exposure. The repellence effect was strong against worker ants (78.3 ± 4.8%) after 1 h exposure. The repellence effect can last at least four hours for both species. Analysis of <italic>Gardenia</italic> oil with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 14 major chemical components.
</abstract>

Repellent effect of <italic>Gardenia jasminoides</italic> ethanol extracted oil on <italic>Blattella germanica</italic> and <italic>Monomorium pharaonis</italic>

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title> Medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years in folk medicines and still are used for their health benefits. In our days medicinal plants are exploited for the isolation of plant-derived drugs as they are very effective and have relatively less or no side effects. However, the natural resources of medicinal plants are gradually exhausted and access to plant bioactive compounds is challenged by the low levels at which these products accumulate in native medicinal plants. For instance, to meet the market demands of 3 Kg per year of vinca alkaloids, powerful plant-derived anticancer drugs, 1.5×106 Kg dry leaves are required. In this regard, this review aims to highlight the fact that endophytic fungi residing in medicinal plants are capable to biosynthesize pharmacologically active secondary metabolites similar or identical to those produced by their host medicinal plant. Furthermore, the evolutionary origin of the genes involved in these metabolic pathways as well as the approaches designed to enhance the production of these metabolites by the isolated endophytic fungi are also discussed.</abstract>

Endophytic fungi residing in medicinal plants have the ability to produce the same or similar pharmacologically active secondary metabolites as their hosts

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>The use of silicon (Si) in agriculture has attracted a great deal of interest from researchers because of the numerous benefits of this element to plants. The use of silicon has decreased the intensity of several diseases in crops of great economic importance. In this study, the relationship between silicon nutrition and fungal disease development in plants was reviewed. The current review underlines the agricultural importance of silicon in crops, the potential for controlling fungal plant pathogens by silicon treatment, the different mechanisms of silicon-enhanced resistance, and the inhibitory effects of silicon on plant pathogenic fungi <italic>in vitro</italic>. By combining the data presented in this paper, a better comprehension of the relationship between silicon treatments, increasing plant resistance, and decreasing severity of fungal diseases could be achieved.</abstract>

The role of silicon (Si) in increasing plant resistance against fungal diseases

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms or Plant Probiotics (PGPMs) constitute a promising solution for agricultural sustainability. The concept that inoculation of PGPM mixtures may perform better in enhancing agricultural production than single strain application dates back to the discovery of plant growth rhizobacteria (PGPR) and is gaining ground in our days. This shift is highlighted by the increasing number of research publications dealing with the positive impact of microbial mixtures in promoting plant growth, controlling plant pathogens, as well as providing abiotic stress tolerance. The continuous deposition of patents as well as commercially available formulations concerning bioprotective and/or biostimulant multistrain mixtures also underlines this shift. A major issue in engineering an effective and consistent synthetic multistrain mixture appears to be the compatibility of its components. The present review provides a thorough literature survey supporting the view that treatment of plants with compatible multistrain mixtures generally exerts a better effect in plant growth and health than single-strain inoculation. Our study focuses on multistrain mixtures based on <italic>Pseudomonas</italic>, <italic>Bacillus</italic> and beneficial fungal strains, while commercial products are also being referred.</abstract>

Multistrain versus single-strain plant growth promoting microbial inoculants - The compatibility issue

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>Plant-associated environments harbor a huge number of diverse bacteria that compete and/or cooperate for the occupation of the most nutrient-rich ecological niches. Motility, a common trait among bacteria, has long been assumed to provide a survival advantage to skilful bacteria in invading these environments. Bacterial surface motility, such as swarming, a flagella-driven type of surface movement, although mostly observed and studied on agar substrates, is emerging as a major trait involved in many functions of plant-associated bacteria in regard to their ability to colonize and spread on their host. In this review, we address some novel swarming motility strategies, which enable bacteria to colonize, disperse and compete in plant surfaces.</abstract>

Swarming motility in plant-associated bacteria

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>The present study is part of a survey for the identification of plant-parasitic nematodes in the rhizosphere of cultivated and wild olive trees in Crete, Greece. Sixteen species corresponding to 13 genera are added to 20 species belonging to 8 genera, previously reported in the survey. Seven nematode species, <italic>Filenchus ditissimus</italic>, <italic>Filenchus vulgaris</italic>, <italic>Ogma civellae</italic>, <italic>Pratylenchoides crenicauda</italic>, <italic>Psilenchus hilarulus</italic>, <italic>Tylenchus elegans</italic>, and <italic>Zygotylenchus guevarai</italic>, are recorded for the first time in Greece.</abstract>

Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with cultivated and wild olive trees in Crete, Greece

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>The study concerns the first records for the presence of the box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis in Greece and subsequent infestations on ornamental box trees in urban environment. Adults of the pest were first spotted in six locations around the country from October 2013 until April 2015, when infestation was also detected (mid April). The pest was found infesting plants of Buxus sempervirens in several private and public gardens and parks in the urban environment of Kifissia, Attica. Possible introduction scenarios, as well as preventive and control measures are discussed.</abstract>

School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th.), Greece

Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Str., GR-145 61, Kifi ssia, Attica, Greece

Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Str., GR-145 61, Kifi ssia, Attica, Greece

First record of Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Greece

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Hellenic Plant Protection Journal

 The Hellenic Plant Protection Journal (HPPJ) (ISSN 1791-3691) is the scientific publication of the Benaki Phytopathological Institute (BPI) replacing the Annals of the Benaki...

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 The Hellenic Plant Protection Journal (HPPJ) (ISSN 1791-3691) is the scientific publication of the Benaki Phytopathological Institute (BPI)...