<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Microorganisms are ubiquitous and have far-reaching effects on human life. Since their discovery in the 19th century, microorganisms have fascinated biologists. Microbes play a crucial role in the material and elemental cycles of the natural world. Growing own microbes for research purposes requires a significant time and financial investment. On the other hand, high-throughput sequencing technology cannot advance at the same clip as the culture method. The area of microbiology has made substantial use of machine learning (ML) methods to tackle this problem.
Classification and prediction have emerged as key avenues for advancing microbial community research in computational biology. This research compares the advantages and disadvantages of using different algorithmic approaches in four subfields of microbiology (pathogen and epidemiology; microbial ecology; drug development; microbiome and taxonomy).
</abstract>

Utility of Machine Learning Technology in Microbial Identification: A Critical Review

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Introduction of antibiotics into clinical practice is considered as a turning point in medicine resulting in saving millions of lives and allowing for the development of new fields of medicine such as transplantology, neonatology, hematology and many others. From the very beginning, this success was accompanied by the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains with its continuous rise. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in medicine, veterinary practice and animal and plant production are the main reasons the resistance has emerged. Presently, an increase in isolation of multidrug resistant (MDR), excessively resistant (XDR) and pandrug resistant (PDR) bacteria is being observed worldwide in the most common human etiologic bacterial agents . As examples of rapid evolution of resistance, <italic>S. aureus</italic> and Enterobacterales producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are presented. Some initiatives of WHO and EU aiming to tackle antibiotic resistance are also discussed.
</abstract>

Antibiotic Resistance – Where are We Going?

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The objective of this review to summarize the current status of information about the Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever caused by Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus an Arboviral infection. This virus was identified in Alkhumra district of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 1995 from a butcher patient. The infected individual develops symptoms febrile flu-like illness, hemorrhagic manifestations and less like encephalitis. Several cases have been reported from various locations of Saudi Arabia and a few from Egypt and is further expanding in tropical and subtropical regions of Western Asia. The virus is transmitted to human by direct contact to animal, raw meat, and biproducts as well as either tick or mosquito bites. Based on the recent status, a great concern of public health was raised with the AHFV epidemics and infection. Currently, there is no effective vaccine and antiviral therapeutics against AHFV. So, there is an urgent need to design and develop an effective preventive measure using interdisciplinary approach. This review will provide the status of research work based on the latest published information about AHFV. The provided information will be highly useful to design the effective preventive measures to control the disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
</abstract>

Alkhumra Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (AHFV): Current Status and Future Prospects

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Viral pathogens are major concern nowadays. Bacterial CRISPR/Cas systems help in defending the host body against different pathogens including viruses too. This system contains restriction enzymes that introduce dsDNA breaks on target site to make the virus non-functional by damaging its genes. Coronavirus, HIV and Herpes viruses are causing mortality all around the world. To control the spread of disease, early detection and treatment is required. CRISPR system due to its high efficiency provides a platform to restrict the viral entry into host cell, viral genome editing and eliminate the latent infections. In this review, the CRISPR strategies against three major viral diseases are put under consideration: Coronavirus, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Herpesvirus associated diseases. Three CRISPR/Cas systems have been discussed including CRISPR/Cas12, CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cas13 that are used against the above listed viruses.
</abstract>

CRISPR/Cas System: An Effective Tool Against Pathogenic Diseases

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> is a Gram-positive bacterium, which can cause serious bacterial infections in humans. It constitutes an important etiological factor of many diseases, for instance, soft tissue and skin infections (including skin boils and abscesses), as well as life-threatening necrotizing pneumonia or toxic shock syndrome. It is estimated that about 25–30% of people are carriers of <italic>S. aureus</italic> mainly in the anterior nostrils. A smaller percentage of people are carriers of methicillin-resistant <italic>S. aureus</italic> (MRSA). In accordance with its definition, methicillin-resistant <italic>S. aureus</italic> is resistant to almost all β-lactam antibiotics. This phenomenon is mainly caused by the presence of penicillin-binding protein in the cell wall – PBP2a, which is the product of the <italic>mecA</italic> gene, which is part of the complex called SCCmec (staphylococcal cassette chromosome <italic>mec</italic>). Methicillin-resistant <italic>S. aureus</italic> (MRSA) results in endemic in hospitals around the world and are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in society. Infections initiated by hospital strains of MRSA (health care-associated MRSA, HA-MRSA) concern mainly immunocompromised patients after surgery. In addition, there are populations of acommunity-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains and populations of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) strains. The treatment of infections with MRSA etiology, after exhausting the possibilities of standard antibiotic therapy with the use of i.e. vancomycin, is based on treatment with new-generation antibiotics, such as dalbavacin.
</abstract>

The Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant <italic>Staphylococcus Aureus</italic> (MRSA) Around the World and Antibiotic Therapy for Selected Infections Caused By MRSA

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Advancements of Microbiology

 The Advancements of Microbiology (formerly Postępy Mikrobiologii) is a quarterly of the Polish Society of Microbiologists. The journal was founded in 1961, initially under the patronage of the Microbiology Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and in 1989 it became the organ of the PSM. The following professors have served as Editors-in-Chief of Postępy Mikrobiologii during the period: Prof. Edmund Mikulaszek 1962 – 1972, Prof. Władysław Tomasz Dobrzański 1972 – 1982, Prof. Zdzislaw Ilczuk 1983 – 1991, Prof. Jerzy Hrebenda 1991 – 2009, Prof. Jacek Bielecki 2009 – 2022. Journal implements the Society’s main goals, like promoting the development of microbiological sciences, popularizing the achievements of microbiology among members of the Society and broad circles of readers.   Advancements of Microbiology is topical journal for scientists in several microbiological fields and often the place where the first works of young researchers are published. Advancements of Microbiology include review articles from all areas of microbiology that are not printed in other journals. Please send manuscripts with attachments to the editor's e-mail address: editorial.office@am-online.org   Due to the great thematic diversity of the articles sent to the editorial office, it is not possible to print monographic volumes. Most of the papers currently published in Advancements of Microbiology are review articles in the field of bacterial physiology, microbial genetics, environmental microbiology, applied microbiology and virology; the work in the field of epidemiology, classification and identification of bacteria and applications of molecular biology techniques in microbiological research are particularly extensive.   The editors of Advancements of Microbiology strive to print works – ordered by eminent scientists – regarding currently fashionable problems of modern science. We especially encourage Authors to write articles in the field of their expertise, which guarantees the highest scientific level. The high scientific level of the journal was reflected in the progress of the JCR citation index and the presence of our journal on the Philadelphia list. It is especially important for young Authors, for whom Advancements of Microbiology often open the way to a scientific career. The current activity of Advancements of Microbiology is based mainly on publishing reviews related to the latest scientific achievements in the field of microbiology, which, at present is characterized by unusual dynamics of development and comprehensive application possibilities. The selection of current and relevant research topics and their presentation at a high scientific level in our journal is the basis for the existence of the quarterly, Advancements of Microbiology.   Open Access Policy   This journal provides immediate open access to its content under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license　on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license users are free to share the work (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format), if the contribution is properly attributed and used for non-commercial purposes. The material published in the journal may not be altered or built upon.   ABOUT SOCIETY   The origin of microbiology in Poland goes back to the XIX century. Professor Odo Feliks Kazimierz Bujwid (1857 – 1942) – was the first Polish bacteriologist, who graduated from the University of Warsaw and gained experience in Berlin working with Robert Koch, and in Paris at the Ludwik Pasteur Institute.   The Polish Society of Microbiologists (PSM), formerly the Polish Society of Microbiologists and Epidemiologists, was established in Warsaw on October 31, 1927 at the first Congress of Polish microbiologists. Professor Zygmunt Szymanowski was elected the first President of PSM. The same year, PSM also became cofounder of Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) and since 2005 PSM is a member of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID).   Within over 95 years of activity, 29 Congresses of PSM were organized and 16 professors were elected as Presidents of PSM. About 900 ordinary members and 19 honorary members, associated in 14 PSM branches all over Poland, belong to the Society.   The aims of PSM have been the same since its very beginnings: to promote the development of microbiological sciences and to popularize the achievements of microbiology among the Society’s members and the broad public. PSM organizes congresses, scientific meetings, courses and lectures and competitions of scientific papers. Two quarterly journals, the Polish Journal of Microbiology and the Advancements in Microbiology are issued by PSM. The Society formulates opinions on the conditions and needs of Polish microbiology and applies in these cases to the state authorities; cooperates with related associations in the country and abroad.   Archiving   Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico – a digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.   Plagiarism Policy   The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System’s users to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Advancements of Microbiology

Volume 62 (2023): Issue 2 (June 2023)

Utility of Machine Learning Technology in Microbial Identification: A Critical Review

Antibiotic Resistance – Where are We Going?

Alkhumra Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (AHFV): Current Status and Future Prospects

CRISPR/Cas System: An Effective Tool Against Pathogenic Diseases

The Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Around the World and Antibiotic Therapy for Selected Infections Caused By MRSA

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