Isolation and Characterization of Highly Active Uricase from Alcaligenes spp. Strain UR1

Abdalrahim S, Zohri ANA, Khider M, Kamal El-Dean AM, Abulreesh HH, Ahmad I, Elbanna K. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of exopolysaccharide producing bacteria isolated from fermented fruits, vegetables and dairy products. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2019 Sep;13(3):1349–1362. https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.13.3.06 Abdalrahim S Zohri ANA Khider M Kamal El-Dean AM Abulreesh HH Ahmad I Elbanna K. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of exopolysaccharide producing bacteria isolated from fermented fruits, vegetables and dairy products . J Pure Appl Microbiol . 2019 Sep ; 13 ( 3 ): 1349 – 1362 . https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.13.3.06 Search in Google Scholar

Abdel-Fattah YR, Saeed HM, Gohar YM, El-Baz MA. Improved production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa uricase by optimization of process parameters through statistical experimental designs. Process Biochem. 2005 Apr;40(5):1707–1714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.06.048 Abdel-Fattah YR Saeed HM Gohar YM El-Baz MA. Improved production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa uricase by optimization of process parameters through statistical experimental designs . Process Biochem . 2005 Apr ; 40 ( 5 ): 1707 – 1714 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.06.048 Search in Google Scholar

Abo-Amer AE, El-Shanshoury AERR, Alzahrani OM. Isolation and molecular characterization of heavy metal-resistant Alcaligenes faecalis from sewage wastewater and synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Geomicrobiol J. 2015 Aug;32(9):836–845. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2015.1010754 Abo-Amer AE El-Shanshoury AERR Alzahrani OM. Isolation and molecular characterization of heavy metal-resistant Alcaligenes faecalis from sewage wastewater and synthesis of silver nanoparticles . Geomicrobiol J . 2015 Aug ; 32 ( 9 ): 836 – 845 . https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2015.1010754 Search in Google Scholar

Adámek V, Králová B, Süchová M, Valentová O, Demnerová K. Purification of microbial uricase. J Chromatogr. 1989 Dec;497: 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(89)80028-3 Adámek V Králová B Süchová M Valentová O Demnerová K. Purification of microbial uricase . J Chromatogr . 1989 Dec ; 497 : 268 – 275 . https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(89)80028-3 Search in Google Scholar

Aly M, Tork S, Al-Garni S, Allam R. Production and characterization of uricase from Streptomyces exfoliatus UR10 isolated from farm wastes. Turk J Biol. 2013;37(5):520–529. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1206-3 Aly M Tork S Al-Garni S Allam R. Production and characterization of uricase from Streptomyces exfoliatus UR10 isolated from farm wastes . Turk J Biol . 2013 ; 37 ( 5 ): 520 – 529 . https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1206-3 Search in Google Scholar

Amirthanathan A, Subramaniyan V. Studies on uricase production by marine Bacillus cereus and its optimum conditions. Int J Med. Biosci. 2012;1:5–12. Amirthanathan A Subramaniyan V. Studies on uricase production by marine Bacillus cereus and its optimum conditions . Int J Med. Biosci . 2012 ; 1 : 5 – 12 . Search in Google Scholar

Amirthanathan A, Vijayakumar S. Purification and optimization of uricase enzyme produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Exp Sci. 2011;2(11):5–8. Amirthanathan A Vijayakumar S. Purification and optimization of uricase enzyme produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . J Exp Sci . 2011 ; 2 ( 11 ): 5 – 8 . Search in Google Scholar

Atalla MM, Hamed ER, Ahmed NE, Farag MM. Purification and characterization of uricase enzyme produced by Gliomastix gueg. Gate2Biotech. 2010;2(11):1–13. Atalla MM Hamed ER Ahmed NE Farag MM. Purification and characterization of uricase enzyme produced by Gliomastix gueg . Gate2Biotech . 2010 ; 2 ( 11 ): 1 – 13 . Search in Google Scholar

Atty FK, Joseph J. Isolation and identification of uric acid degrading bacteria, optimization of uricase production and purification of uricase enzyme. Int J Ad. Res. 2016 Dec;4(12):2732–2742. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/2702 Atty FK Joseph J. Isolation and identification of uric acid degrading bacteria optimization of uricase production and purification of uricase enzyme . Int J Ad. Res . 2016 Dec ; 4 ( 12 ): 2732 – 2742 . https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/2702 Search in Google Scholar

Azab EA, Ali MM, Fareed MF. Studies on uricase induction in certain bacteria. Egypt J Biol. 2005;7:44–54. Azab EA Ali MM Fareed MF. Studies on uricase induction in certain bacteria . Egypt J Biol . 2005 ; 7 : 44 – 54 . Search in Google Scholar

Bakhtiar S, Andersson MM, Gessesse A, Mattiasson B, Hatti-Kaul R. Stability characteristics of a calcium-independent alkaline protease from Nesterenkonia sp. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2003 Apr; 32(5):525–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00336-8 Bakhtiar S Andersson MM Gessesse A Mattiasson B Hatti-Kaul R. Stability characteristics of a calcium-independent alkaline protease from Nesterenkonia sp . Enzyme Microb Technol . 2003 Apr ; 32 ( 5 ): 525 – 531 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00336-8 Search in Google Scholar

Bakhtiari S, Toosi P, Samadi S, Bakhshi M. Assessment of uric acid level in the saliva of patients with oral lichen planus. Med Princ Pract. 2017;26(1):57–60. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452133 Bakhtiari S Toosi P Samadi S Bakhshi M. Assessment of uric acid level in the saliva of patients with oral lichen planus . Med Princ Pract . 2017 ; 26 ( 1 ): 57 – 60 . https://doi.org/10.1159/000452133 Search in Google Scholar

Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1966 Apr;45(4_ts,):493–496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493 Bauer AW Kirby WMM Sherris JC Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method . Am. J. Clin. Pathol . 1966 Apr ; 45 ( 4_ts, ): 493 – 496 . https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493 Search in Google Scholar

Beedkar SD, Khobragade CN, Bodade RG, Vinchurkar AS. Comparative structural modeling and docking studies of uricase: Possible implication in enzyme supplementation therapy for hyperuricemic disorders. Comput Biol Med. 2012 Jun;42(6):657–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2012.03.001 Beedkar SD Khobragade CN Bodade RG Vinchurkar AS. Comparative structural modeling and docking studies of uricase: Possible implication in enzyme supplementation therapy for hyperuricemic disorders . Comput Biol Med . 2012 Jun ; 42 ( 6 ): 657 – 666 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2012.03.001 Search in Google Scholar

Bobulescu IA, Moe OW. Renal transport of uric acid: Evolving concepts and uncertainties. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012 Nov; 19(6):358–371. https://doi.Org/10.1053/j.ackd.2012.07.009 Bobulescu IA Moe OW. Renal transport of uric acid: Evolving concepts and uncertainties . Adv Chronic Kidney Dis . 2012 Nov ; 19 ( 6 ): 358 – 371 . https://doi.Org/10.1053/j.ackd.2012.07.009 Search in Google Scholar

Bongaerts GP, Sin IL, Peters AL, Vogels GD. Purine degradation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas testosteroni. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1977 Aug 25;499(1):111–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(77)90233-1 Bongaerts GP Sin IL Peters AL Vogels GD. Purine degradation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas testosteroni . Biochim Biophys Acta . 1977 Aug 25 ; 499 ( 1 ): 111 – 118 . https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(77)90233-1 Search in Google Scholar

Castellani A, Chalmers AJ. Manual of tropical medicine. London (UK): Baillière, Tindall and Cox; 1919. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.84653 Castellani A Chalmers AJ. Manual of tropical medicine . London (UK) : Baillière, Tindall and Cox ; 1919 . https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.84653 Search in Google Scholar

Chaudhary K, Malhotra K, Sowers J, Aroor A. Uric acid – key ingredient in the recipe for cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. Cardiorenal Med. 2013 Oct;3(3):208–220. https://doi.org/10.1159/000355405 Chaudhary K Malhotra K Sowers J Aroor A. Uric acid – key ingredient in the recipe for cardiorenal metabolic syndrome . Cardiorenal Med . 2013 Oct ; 3 ( 3 ): 208 – 220 . https://doi.org/10.1159/000355405 Search in Google Scholar

Cheung WL, Hon KL, Fung CM, Leung AK. Tumor lysis syndrome in childhood malignancies. Drugs Context. 2020 Feb;9:2019-8-2. https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.2019-8-2 Cheung WL Hon KL Fung CM Leung AK. Tumor lysis syndrome in childhood malignancies . Drugs Context . 2020 Feb ; 9 :2019-8-2. https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.2019-8-2 Search in Google Scholar

Chohan S, Becker MA. Update on emerging urate-lowering therapies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009 Mar;21(2):143–149. https://doi.org/10.1097/bor.0b013e328325bd94 Chohan S Becker MA. Update on emerging urate-lowering therapies . Curr Opin Rheumatol . 2009 Mar ; 21 ( 2 ): 143 – 149 . https://doi.org/10.1097/bor.0b013e328325bd94 Search in Google Scholar

Clarridge JE. Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004 Oct;17(4):840–862. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.17.4.840-862.2004 Clarridge JE. Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases . Clin Microbiol Rev . 2004 Oct ; 17 ( 4 ): 840 – 862 . https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.17.4.840-862.2004 Search in Google Scholar

CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 34^th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne (USA): Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2024. CLSI . Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing . 34^th ed. CLSI supplement M100 . Wayne (USA) : Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute ; 2024 . Search in Google Scholar

Cruz D, Cisneros R, Benítez Á, Zúñiga-Sarango W, Peña J, Fernández H, Jaramillo A. Gram-negative bacteria from organic and conventional agriculture in the hydrographic basin of Loja: Quality or pathogen reservoir? Agronomy. 2021 Now;11(11):2362. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112362 Cruz D Cisneros R Benítez Á Zúñiga-Sarango W Peña J Fernández H Jaramillo A. Gram-negative bacteria from organic and conventional agriculture in the hydrographic basin of Loja: Quality or pathogen reservoir? Agronomy . 2021 Now ; 11 ( 11 ): 2362 . https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112362 Search in Google Scholar

de Oliveira AN, de Oliveira LA, Andrade JS. Production and some properties of crude alkaline proteases of indigenous Central Amazonian rhizobia strains. Braz Arch Biol Technol. 2010 Oct;53(5):1185–1195. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132010000500024 de Oliveira AN de Oliveira LA Andrade JS. Production and some properties of crude alkaline proteases of indigenous Central Amazonian rhizobia strains . Braz Arch Biol Technol . 2010 Oct ; 53 ( 5 ): 1185 – 1195 . https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132010000500024 Search in Google Scholar

El Ridi R, Tallima H, Migliardo F. Biochemical and biophysical methodologies open the road for effective schistosomiasis therapy and vaccination. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2017 Jan; 1861(1): 3613–3620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.036 El Ridi R Tallima H Migliardo F. Biochemical and biophysical methodologies open the road for effective schistosomiasis therapy and vaccination . Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj . 2017 Jan ; 1861 ( 1 ): 3613 – 3620 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.036 Search in Google Scholar

Elbanna K, Alshareef A, Neyaz LA, El-Readi MZ, Abulreesh HH. Microbial uricase and its unique potential applications. Adv Microbiol. 2024;63(2):81–91. https://doi.org/10.2478/am-2024-0007 Elbanna K Alshareef A Neyaz LA El-Readi MZ Abulreesh HH. Microbial uricase and its unique potential applications . Adv Microbiol . 2024 ; 63 ( 2 ): 81 – 91 . https://doi.org/10.2478/am-2024-0007 Search in Google Scholar

Elbanna K, Hassan G, Khider M, Mandour R. Safe biodegradation of textile azo dyes by newly isolated lactic acid bacteria and detection of plasmids associated with degradation. J. Bioremed Biodegrad. 2010;1:110. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155–6199.1000110 Elbanna K Hassan G Khider M Mandour R. Safe biodegradation of textile azo dyes by newly isolated lactic acid bacteria and detection of plasmids associated with degradation . J. Bioremed Biodegrad . 2010 ; 1 : 110 . https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000110 Search in Google Scholar

El-Naggar NEA. Isolation, screening and identification of actinobacteria with uricase activity: Statistical optimization of fermentation conditions for improved production of uricase by Streptomyces rochei NEAE-25. Int J Pharmacol. 2015;11(7):644–658. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2015.644.658 El-Naggar NEA. Isolation, screening and identification of actinobacteria with uricase activity: Statistical optimization of fermentation conditions for improved production of uricase by Streptomyces rochei NEAE-25 . Int J Pharmacol . 2015 ; 11 ( 7 ): 644 – 658 . https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2015.644.658 Search in Google Scholar

Fathallah-Shaykh SA, Cramer MT. Uric acid and the kidney. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014 Jun;29(6):999–008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-013-2549-x Fathallah-Shaykh SA Cramer MT. Uric acid and the kidney . Pediatr Nephrol . 2014 Jun ; 29 ( 6 ): 999 – 008 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-013-2549-x Search in Google Scholar

Fox GE, Wisotzkey JD, Jurtshuk P Jr. How close is close: 16S rRNA sequence identity may not be sufficient to guarantee species identity. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1992 Jan;42(1):166–170. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-42-1-166 Fox GE Wisotzkey JD Jurtshuk P Jr. How close is close: 16S rRNA sequence identity may not be sufficient to guarantee species identity . Int J Syst Bacteriol . 1992 Jan ; 42 ( 1 ): 166 – 170 . https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-42-1-166 Search in Google Scholar

Gabison L, Prangé T, Colloc’h N, El Hajji M, Castro B, Chiadmi M. Structural analysis of urate oxidase in complex with its natural substrate inhibited by cyanide: Mechanistic implications. BMC Struct Biol. 2008 Jul;8:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6807-8-32 Gabison L Prangé T Colloc’h N El Hajji M Castro B Chiadmi M. Structural analysis of urate oxidase in complex with its natural substrate inhibited by cyanide: Mechanistic implications . BMC Struct Biol . 2008 Jul ; 8 : 32 . https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6807-8-32 Search in Google Scholar

Gerhardt P, Murray RGE, Wood WA, Krieg NR. Methods for general and molecular bacteriology. Washington (USA): American Society for Microbiology; 1994. Gerhardt P Murray RGE Wood WA Krieg NR. Methods for general and molecular bacteriology . Washington (USA) : American Society for Microbiology ; 1994 . Search in Google Scholar

Ghosh T, Sarkar P. Isolation of a novel uric-acid-degrading microbe Comamonas sp. BT UA and rapid biosensing of uric acid from extracted uricase enzyme. J Biosci. 2014 Dec;39(5):805–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-014-9476-2 Ghosh T Sarkar P. Isolation of a novel uric-acid-degrading microbe Comamonas sp . BT UA and rapid biosensing of uric acid from extracted uricase enzyme. J Biosci . 2014 Dec ; 39 ( 5 ): 805 – 819 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-014-9476-2 Search in Google Scholar

Guo L, Ye L, Zhao Q, Ma Y, Yang J, Luo Y. Comparative study of MALDI-TOF MS and VITEK 2 in bacteria identification. J Thorac Dis. 2014 May;6(5):534–538. Guo L Ye L Zhao Q Ma Y Yang J Luo Y. Comparative study of MALDI-TOF MS and VITEK 2 in bacteria identification . J Thorac Dis . 2014 May ; 6 ( 5 ): 534 – 538 . Search in Google Scholar

Hafez RM, Abdel-Rahman TM, Naguib RM. Uric acid in plants and microorganisms: Biological applications and genetics – A review. J Adv Res. 2017 Sep;8(5):475–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2017.05.003 Hafez RM Abdel-Rahman TM Naguib RM. Uric acid in plants and microorganisms: Biological applications and genetics – A review . J Adv Res . 2017 Sep ; 8 ( 5 ): 475 – 486 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2017.05.003 Search in Google Scholar

Handayani I, Utami T, Hidayat C, Rahayu ES. Screening of lactic acid bacteria producing uricase and stability assessment in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Int Food Res J. 2018 Aug;25(4): 1661–1667. Handayani I Utami T Hidayat C Rahayu ES. Screening of lactic acid bacteria producing uricase and stability assessment in simulated gastrointestinal conditions . Int Food Res J . 2018 Aug ; 25 ( 4 ): 1661 – 1667 . Search in Google Scholar

Honarbakhsh F, Abolmaali S, Amoozegar MA. Uricase activity of halophilic bacteria from Iranian salt lakes. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci. 2021 Oct;45:1597–1606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-021-01179-0 Honarbakhsh F Abolmaali S Amoozegar MA. Uricase activity of halophilic bacteria from Iranian salt lakes . Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci . 2021 Oct ; 45 : 1597 – 1606 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-021-01179-0 Search in Google Scholar

Jagathy K, Pushparaj A, Ronald J. Uricase production from Bacillus subtilis isolated from poultry waste. Int. J Adv Res Biol Sci. 2016; 3(6):255–262. Jagathy K Pushparaj A Ronald J. Uricase production from Bacillus subtilis isolated from poultry waste . Int. J Adv Res Biol Sci . 2016 ; 3 ( 6 ): 255 – 262 . Search in Google Scholar

Jalal DI. Hyperuricemia, the kidneys, and the spectrum of associated diseases: A narrative review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016 Nov; 32(11):1863–1869. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2016.1218840 Jalal DI. Hyperuricemia, the kidneys, and the spectrum of associated diseases: A narrative review . Curr Med Res Opin . 2016 Nov ; 32 ( 11 ): 1863 – 1869 . https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2016.1218840 Search in Google Scholar

Kai L, Ma XH, Zhou XL, Jia XM, Li X, Guo KP. Purification and characterization of a thermostable uricase from Microbacterium sp. strain ZZJ4-1. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008 Mar;24:401–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9489-1 Kai L Ma XH Zhou XL Jia XM Li X Guo KP. Purification and characterization of a thermostable uricase from Microbacterium sp . strain ZZJ4-1. World J Microbiol Biotechnol . 2008 Mar ; 24 : 401 – 406 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9489-1 Search in Google Scholar

Kanbay M, Segal M, Afsar B, Kang DH, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Johnson RJ. The role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of human cardiovascular disease. Heart. 2013 Jun;99(11):759–766. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302535 Kanbay M Segal M Afsar B Kang DH Rodriguez-Iturbe B Johnson RJ. The role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of human cardiovascular disease . Heart . 2013 Jun ; 99 ( 11 ): 759 – 766 . https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302535 Search in Google Scholar

Khucharoenphaisan K, Sinma K. Production and partial characterization of uric acid degrading enzyme from new source Saccharopolyspora sp. PNR11. Pak J Biol Sci. 2011 Feb;14(3):226–231. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2011.226.231 Khucharoenphaisan K Sinma K. Production and partial characterization of uric acid degrading enzyme from new source Saccharopolyspora sp . PNR11. Pak J Biol Sci . 2011 Feb ; 14 ( 3 ): 226 – 231 . https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2011.226.231 Search in Google Scholar

Kiba N, Suzuki K, Miwa T, Tachibana M, Koizumi H, Tani K. Chemiluminometric determination of uric acid in plasma by closed-loop FIA with a coimmobilized enzyme flow cell. Anal Sci 2000 Nov; 16:1203–1205. https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.16.1203 Kiba N Suzuki K Miwa T Tachibana M Koizumi H Tani K. Chemiluminometric determination of uric acid in plasma by closed-loop FIA with a coimmobilized enzyme flow cell . Anal Sci 2000 Nov ; 16 : 1203 – 1205 . https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.16.1203 Search in Google Scholar

Kim S, Kim MH, Lee WI, Kang SY, Jeon YL. Misidentification of Acinetobacter baumannii as Alcaligenes faecalis by VITEK 2 System; Case report. Lab Med. 2017 Dec;49(1):e14-e17. https://doi.org/10.1093/labmed/lmx062 Kim S Kim MH Lee WI Kang SY Jeon YL. Misidentification of Acinetobacter baumannii as Alcaligenes faecalis by VITEK 2 System; Case report . Lab Med . 2017 Dec ; 49 ( 1 ): e14 – e17 . https://doi.org/10.1093/labmed/lmx062 Search in Google Scholar

Kim SM, Lee SH, Kim YG, Kim SY, Seo JW, Choi YW, Kim DJ, Jeong KH, Lee TW, Ihm CG, et al. Hyperuricemia-induced NLRP3 activation of macrophages contributes to the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2015 May;308(9):F993–F1003. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00637.2014 Kim SM Lee SH Kim YG Kim SY Seo JW Choi YW Kim DJ Jeong KH Lee TW Ihm CG Hyperuricemia-induced NLRP3 activation of macrophages contributes to the progression of diabetic nephropathy . Am J Physiol Renal Physiol . 2015 May ; 308 ( 9 ): F993 – F1003 . https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00637.2014 Search in Google Scholar

Koyama Y, Ichikawa T, Nakano E. Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding the Candida uti-lis urate oxidase (uricase). J Biochem. 1996 Nov;120(5):969–973. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021514 Koyama Y Ichikawa T Nakano E. Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding the Candida uti-lis urate oxidase (uricase) . J Biochem . 1996 Nov ; 120 ( 5 ): 969 – 973 . https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021514 Search in Google Scholar

Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug;227(5259):680–685. https://doi.org/10.1038/227680a0 Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4 . Nature . 1970 Aug ; 227 ( 5259 ): 680 – 685 . https://doi.org/10.1038/227680a0 Search in Google Scholar

Lekshmy V, Raval K. Isolation and production studies of uricase producing bacterial strains from poultry waste. Int J Adv Res Trends Eng Technol. 2016;3:152–157. Lekshmy V Raval K. Isolation and production studies of uricase producing bacterial strains from poultry waste . Int J Adv Res Trends Eng Technol . 2016 ; 3 : 152 – 157 . Search in Google Scholar

Li J, Chen Z, Hou L, Fan H, Weng S, Xu C, Ren J, Li B, Chen W. High-level expression, purification, and characterization of nontagged Aspergillus flavus urate oxidase in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif. 2006 Sep;49(1):55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2006.02.003 Li J Chen Z Hou L Fan H Weng S Xu C Ren J Li B Chen W. High-level expression purification, and characterization of nontagged Aspergillus flavus urate oxidase in Escherichia coli . Protein Expr Purif . 2006 Sep ; 49 ( 1 ): 55 – 59 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2006.02.003 Search in Google Scholar

Liu Y, Jarman JB, Low YS, Augustijn HE, Huang S, Chen H, DeFeo ME, Sekiba K, Hou BH, Meng X, et al. A widely distributed gene cluster compensates for uricase loss in hominids. Cell. 2023 Aug;186(16):3400–3413.e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.06.010 Liu Y Jarman JB Low YS Augustijn HE Huang S Chen H DeFeo ME Sekiba K Hou BH Meng X A widely distributed gene cluster compensates for uricase loss in hominids . Cell . 2023 Aug ; 186 ( 16 ): 3400 – 3413 . e20 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.06.010 Search in Google Scholar

Lotfy WA. Production of a thermostable uricase by a novel Bacillus thermocatenulatus strain. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Mar;99(4): 699–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.048 Lotfy WA. Production of a thermostable uricase by a novel Bacillus thermocatenulatus strain . Bioresour Technol . 2008 Mar ; 99 ( 4 ): 699 – 702 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.048 Search in Google Scholar

Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J. Brock biology of microorganisms. London (UK): Prentice Hall; 2000. Madigan MT Martinko JM Parker J. Brock biology of microorganisms . London (UK) : Prentice Hall ; 2000 . Search in Google Scholar

Mehanni M, Abd El-Aziz S. A new bacterial strain Alcaligenes aquatilis MAG 1 associated with the Mediterranean Sea Lithophaga (Bivalvia) precipitating in nutrient free medium shell-like calcium carbonate polymorphs. Egypt Acad J Biol Sci. 2019:11(1):111–124. https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsg.2019.153533 Mehanni M Abd El-Aziz S. A new bacterial strain Alcaligenes aquatilis MAG 1 associated with the Mediterranean Sea Lithophaga (Bivalvia) precipitating in nutrient free medium shell-like calcium carbonate polymorphs . Egypt Acad J Biol Sci . 2019 : 11 ( 1 ): 111 – 124 . https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsg.2019.153533 Search in Google Scholar

Murray RGE, Brenner DJ, Colwell RR, De Vos P, Goodfellow M, Grimont PAD, Pfennig N, Stackebrandt E, Zavarzin GA. Report of the ad hoc committee on approaches to taxonomy within the Proteobacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1990 Apr;40(2):213–215. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-40-2-213 Murray RGE Brenner DJ Colwell RR De Vos P Goodfellow M Grimont PAD Pfennig N Stackebrandt E Zavarzin GA. Report of the ad hoc committee on approaches to taxonomy within the Proteobacteria . Int J Syst Bacteriol . 1990 Apr ; 40 ( 2 ): 213 – 215 . https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-40-2-213 Search in Google Scholar

Nanda P, Babu PE. Isolation, screening and production studies of uricase producing bacteria from poultry sources. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. 2014;44(8):811–821. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2013.867875 Nanda P Babu PE. Isolation, screening and production studies of uricase producing bacteria from poultry sources . Prep Biochem Biotechnol . 2014 ; 44 ( 8 ): 811 – 821 . https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2013.867875 Search in Google Scholar

Nanda P, Jagadeesh Babu PE. Studies on the site-specific PEGylation induced interferences instigated in uricase quantification using the Bradford method. Int J Pept Res Ther. 2016 Sep;22:399–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-016-9518-8 Nanda P Jagadeesh Babu PE. Studies on the site-specific PEGylation induced interferences instigated in uricase quantification using the Bradford method . Int J Pept Res Ther . 2016 Sep ; 22 : 399 – 406 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-016-9518-8 Search in Google Scholar

Nanda P, Babu PJ, Fernandes J, Hazarika P, Dhabre RR. Studies on production, optimization and purification of uricase from Gliocladium viride. Res. Biotechnol. 2012;3(4):35–46. Nanda P Babu PJ Fernandes J Hazarika P Dhabre RR. Studies on production, optimization and purification of uricase from Gliocladium viride . Res. Biotechnol . 2012 ; 3 ( 4 ): 35 – 46 . Search in Google Scholar

Sarni, Natsir H, Dali S. Production and characterization chito-sanase of sponge symbiont bacteria Klebsiella sp. to hydrolyze chitosan be chitooligosaccarides. Mar Chim Acta. 2016 Apr; 17(1): 1441–2132. Sarni Natsir H Dali S. Production and characterization chito-sanase of sponge symbiont bacteria Klebsiella sp . to hydrolyze chitosan be chitooligosaccarides. Mar Chim Acta . 2016 Apr ; 17 ( 1 ): 1441 – 2132 . Search in Google Scholar

Nelapati AK, Meena S, Singh AK, Bhakta N, Ponnan Ettiyappan J. In silico structural and functional analysis of Bacillus uricases. Curr. Proteomics. 2021:18(2):124–142. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570164617999200512081127 Nelapati AK Meena S Singh AK Bhakta N Ponnan Ettiyappan J. In silico structural and functional analysis of Bacillus uricases . Curr. Proteomics . 2021 : 18 ( 2 ): 124 – 142 . https://doi.org/10.2174/1570164617999200512081127 Search in Google Scholar

Ogawa J. Analysis of microbial purine metabolism and its application for hyperuricemia prevention. Noda City (Japan): Noda Institute for Scientific Research; 2006. [cited 2024 September 24]. Available from https://www.nisr.or.jp/wp-content/uploads/NISR06ogawa.pdf Ogawa J. Analysis of microbial purine metabolism and its application for hyperuricemia prevention . Noda City (Japan) : Noda Institute for Scientific Research ; 2006 . [cited 2024 September 24 ]. Available from https://www.nisr.or.jp/wp-content/uploads/NISR06ogawa.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Page RD. TreeView: An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput Appl Biosci. 1996 Aug;12(4):357–358. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/12.4.357 Page RD. TreeView: An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers . Comput Appl Biosci . 1996 Aug ; 12 ( 4 ): 357 – 358 . https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/12.4.357 Search in Google Scholar

Patel RK, Dodia MS, Joshi RH, Singh SP. Purification and characterization of alkaline protease from a newly isolated haloalkaliphilic Bacillus sp. Process Biochem. 2006 Sep;41(9):2002–2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2006.04.016 Patel RK Dodia MS Joshi RH Singh SP. Purification and characterization of alkaline protease from a newly isolated haloalkaliphilic Bacillus sp . Process Biochem . 2006 Sep ; 41 ( 9 ): 2002 – 2009 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2006.04.016 Search in Google Scholar

Pawar SV, Rathod VK. Ultrasound assisted process intensification of uricase and alkaline protease enzyme co-production in Bacillus licheniformis. Ultrason Sonochem. 2018 Jul;45:173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.03.004 Pawar SV Rathod VK. Ultrasound assisted process intensification of uricase and alkaline protease enzyme co-production in Bacillus licheniformis . Ultrason Sonochem . 2018 Jul ; 45 : 173 – 179 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.03.004 Search in Google Scholar

Perez-Ruiz F, Martínez-Indart L, Carmona L, Herrero-Beites AM, Pijoan JI, Krishnan E. Tophaceous gout and high level of hyperu-ricaemia are both associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Jan;73(1):177–182. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202421 Perez-Ruiz F Martínez-Indart L Carmona L Herrero-Beites AM Pijoan JI Krishnan E. Tophaceous gout and high level of hyperu-ricaemia are both associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with gout . Ann Rheum Dis . 2014 Jan ; 73 ( 1 ): 177 – 182 . https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202421 Search in Google Scholar

Pfrimer P, de Moraes LM, Galdino AS, Salles LP, Reis VC, De Marco JL, Prates MV, Bloch C Jr, Torres FA. Cloning, purification, and partial characterization of Bacillus subtilis urate oxidase expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:674908. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/674908 Pfrimer P de Moraes LM Galdino AS Salles LP Reis VC De Marco JL Prates MV Bloch C Jr Torres FA. Cloning, purification, and partial characterization of Bacillus subtilis urate oxidase expressed in Escherichia coli . J Biomed Biotechnol . 2010 ; 2010 : 674908 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/674908 Search in Google Scholar

Pierzynowska K, Deshpande A, Mosiichuk N, Terkeltaub R, Szczurek P, Salido E, Pierzynowski S, Grujic D. Oral treatment with an engineered uricase, ALLN-346, reduces hyperuricemia, and uricosuria in urate oxidase-deficient mice. Front Med. 2020 Nov; 7:569215. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.569215 Pierzynowska K Deshpande A Mosiichuk N Terkeltaub R Szczurek P Salido E Pierzynowski S Grujic D. Oral treatment with an engineered uricase, ALLN-346, reduces hyperuricemia, and uricosuria in urate oxidase-deficient mice . Front Med . 2020 Nov ; 7 : 569215 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.569215 Search in Google Scholar

Pustake SO, Bhagwat PK, Dandge PB. Statistical media optimization for the production of clinical uricase from Bacillus subtilis strain SP6. Heliyon. 2019 May;5(5):e01756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01756 Pustake SO Bhagwat PK Dandge PB. Statistical media optimization for the production of clinical uricase from Bacillus subtilis strain SP6 . Heliyon . 2019 May ; 5 ( 5 ): e01756 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01756 Search in Google Scholar

Pustake SO, Bhagwat P, Pillai S, Dandge PB. Purification and characterisation of uricase from Bacillus subtilis SP6. Process Biochem. 2022 Feb;113:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2021.12.010 Pustake SO Bhagwat P Pillai S Dandge PB. Purification and characterisation of uricase from Bacillus subtilis SP6 . Process Biochem . 2022 Feb ; 113 : 55 – 61 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2021.12.010 Search in Google Scholar

Ram SK, Raval K, JagadeeshBabu PE. Enhancement of a novel extracellular uricase production by media optimization and partial purification by aqueous three-phase system. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. 2015;45(8):810–824. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2014.970690 Ram SK Raval K JagadeeshBabu PE. Enhancement of a novel extracellular uricase production by media optimization and partial purification by aqueous three-phase system . Prep Biochem Biotechnol . 2015 ; 45 ( 8 ): 810 – 824 . https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2014.970690 Search in Google Scholar

Ravichandran R, Hemaasri S, Cameotra SS, Jayaprakash NS. Purification and characterization of an extracellular uricase from a new isolate of Sphingobacterium thalpophilum (VITPCB5). Protein Expr Purif. 2015 Oct;114:136–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2015.06.017 Ravichandran R Hemaasri S Cameotra SS Jayaprakash NS. Purification and characterization of an extracellular uricase from a new isolate of Sphingobacterium thalpophilum (VITPCB5) . Protein Expr Purif . 2015 Oct ; 114 : 136 – 142 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2015.06.017 Search in Google Scholar

Ray RR, Pattnaik S. Alcaligenes faecalis: a bacterium for sustainable management of environment. Environ Qual Manag. 2024; 34:e22189. https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.22189 Ray RR Pattnaik S. Alcaligenes faecalis: a bacterium for sustainable management of environment . Environ Qual Manag . 2024 ; 34 : e22189 . https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.22189 Search in Google Scholar

Roopa RA, Mantelingu K, Guin M, Thimmaiah SB. Bienzymatic spectrophotometric method for uric acid estimation in human serum and urine. J Anal Chem. 2022 Mar; 77:301–307. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1061934822030091 Roopa RA Mantelingu K Guin M Thimmaiah SB. Bienzymatic spectrophotometric method for uric acid estimation in human serum and urine . J Anal Chem . 2022 Mar ; 77 : 301 – 307 . https://doi.org/10.1134/s1061934822030091 Search in Google Scholar

Saeed HM, Abdel-Fattah YR, Gohar YM, Elbaz MA. Purification and characterization of extracellular Pseudomonas aeruginosa urate oxidase enzyme. Pol J Microbiol. 2004;53(1):45–52. Saeed HM Abdel-Fattah YR Gohar YM Elbaz MA. Purification and characterization of extracellular Pseudomonas aeruginosa urate oxidase enzyme . Pol J Microbiol . 2004 ; 53 ( 1 ): 45 – 52 . Search in Google Scholar

Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1987 Jul;4(4): 406–425. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454 Saitou N Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees . Mol Biol Evol . 1987 Jul ; 4 ( 4 ): 406 – 425 . https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454 Search in Google Scholar

Selvaraj C, Thirumalai VP. Screening, production and optimization of uricase from P. aeruginosa. Eur J Biotechnol Biosci 2017 Jan; 5(1):57–61. Selvaraj C Thirumalai VP. Screening, production and optimization of uricase from P. aeruginosa . Eur J Biotechnol Biosci 2017 Jan ; 5 ( 1 ): 57 – 61 . Search in Google Scholar

Simmons DG, Gray JG, Rose LP, Dillman RC, Miller SE. Isolation of an etiologic agent of acute respiratory disease (rhinotracheitis) of turkey poults. Avian Dis. 1979;23(1):194–203. https://doi.org/10.2307/1589686 Simmons DG Gray JG Rose LP Dillman RC Miller SE. Isolation of an etiologic agent of acute respiratory disease (rhinotracheitis) of turkey poults . Avian Dis . 1979 ; 23 ( 1 ): 194 – 203 . https://doi.org/10.2307/1589686 Search in Google Scholar

Suzuki K, Sakasegawa S, Misaki H, Sugiyama M. Molecular cloning and expression of uricase gene from Arthrobacter globiformis in Escherichia coli and characterization of the gene product. J Biosci Bioeng. 2004;98(3):153–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1723(04)00259-2 Suzuki K Sakasegawa S Misaki H Sugiyama M. Molecular cloning and expression of uricase gene from Arthrobacter globiformis in Escherichia coli and characterization of the gene product . J Biosci Bioeng . 2004 ; 98 ( 3 ): 153 – 158 . https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1723(04)00259-2 Search in Google Scholar

Tandon S, Sharma A, Singh S, Sharma S, Sarma SJ. Therapeutic enzymes: Discoveries, production and applications. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol. 2021 Jun;63:102455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102455 Tandon S Sharma A Singh S Sharma S Sarma SJ. Therapeutic enzymes: Discoveries, production and applications . J Drug Delivery Sci Technol . 2021 Jun ; 63 : 102455 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102455 Search in Google Scholar

Thillainayagi S, Harikrishnan S, Jayalakshmi S. Screening, optimization and production of uricase from Alcaligenes faecalis. Int J Res Educ Sci Methods. 2021 Apr;9(4):69–74. Thillainayagi S Harikrishnan S Jayalakshmi S. Screening, optimization and production of uricase from Alcaligenes faecalis . Int J Res Educ Sci Methods . 2021 Apr ; 9 ( 4 ): 69 – 74 . Search in Google Scholar

Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Dec;25(24):4876–4882 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876 Thompson JD Gibson TJ Plewniak F Jeanmougin F Higgins DG. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools . Nucleic Acids Res . 1997 Dec ; 25 ( 24 ): 4876 – 4882 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876 Search in Google Scholar

Van der Drift L, Vogels GD, Van der Drift C. Allantoin racemase: A new enzyme from Pseudomonas species. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975 May;391(1):240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2744(75)90170-9 Van der Drift L Vogels GD Van der Drift C. Allantoin racemase: A new enzyme from Pseudomonas species . Biochim Biophys Acta . 1975 May ; 391 ( 1 ): 240 – 248 . https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2744(75)90170-9 Search in Google Scholar

Versalovic J. Manual of Clinical Microbiology 10^th ed. ASM Press, 2011. USA. Versalovic J. Manual of Clinical Microbiology 10^th ed. ASM Press , 2011 . USA . Search in Google Scholar

Versalovic J, Carroll KC, Funke G, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Warnock DW. Manual of clinical microbiology. Washington (USA): American Society for Microbiology; 2011. Versalovic J Carroll KC Funke G Jorgensen JH Landry ML Warnock DW. Manual of clinical microbiology . Washington (USA) : American Society for Microbiology ; 2011 . Search in Google Scholar

Watanabe Y, Morita M. Effect of glucose on the uricase formation by Streptomyces sp. Agric Biol Chem. 1973 Dec;37(12):2735–2741. https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1973.10861086 Watanabe Y Morita M. Effect of glucose on the uricase formation by Streptomyces sp . Agric Biol Chem . 1973 Dec ; 37 ( 12 ): 2735 – 2741 . https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1973.10861086 Search in Google Scholar

Wu XW, Lee CC, Muzny DM, Caskey CT. Urate oxidase: Primary structure and evolutionary implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989 Dec;86(23):9412–9416. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.23.9412 Wu XW Lee CC Muzny DM Caskey CT. Urate oxidase: Primary structure and evolutionary implications . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1989 Dec ; 86 ( 23 ): 9412 – 9416 . https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.23.9412 Search in Google Scholar

Xiao J, Zhang XL, Fu C, Han R, Chen W, Lu Y, Ye Z. Soluble uric acid increases NALP3 inflammasome and interleukin-1ß expression in human primary renal proximal tubule epithelial cells through the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2015 May; 35(5):1347–1354. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2148 Xiao J Zhang XL Fu C Han R Chen W Lu Y Ye Z. Soluble uric acid increases NALP3 inflammasome and interleukin-1ß expression in human primary renal proximal tubule epithelial cells through the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated pathway . Int J Mol Med . 2015 May ; 35 ( 5 ): 1347 – 1354 . https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2148 Search in Google Scholar

Xu X, Hu J, Song N, Chen R, Zhang T, Ding X. Hyperuricemia increases the risk of acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2017 Jan;18(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-016-0433-1 Xu X Hu J Song N Chen R Zhang T Ding X. Hyperuricemia increases the risk of acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis . BMC Nephrol . 2017 Jan ; 18 ( 1 ): 27 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-016-0433-1 Search in Google Scholar

Yang X, Yuan Y, Zhan CG, Liao F. Uricases as therapeutic agents to treat refractory gout: Current states and future directions. Drug Dev Res. 2012 Mar;73(2):66–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.20493 Yang X Yuan Y Zhan CG Liao F. Uricases as therapeutic agents to treat refractory gout: Current states and future directions . Drug Dev Res . 2012 Mar ; 73 ( 2 ): 66 – 72 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.20493 Search in Google Scholar

Yokoyama S, Ogawa A, Obayashi A. Rapid extraction of uricase from Candida utilis cells by use of reducing agent plus surfactant. Enzyme Microb Technol. 1988 Jan;10(1):52–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(88)90099-3 Yokoyama S Ogawa A Obayashi A. Rapid extraction of uricase from Candida utilis cells by use of reducing agent plus surfactant . Enzyme Microb Technol . 1988 Jan ; 10 ( 1 ): 52 – 55 . https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(88)90099-3 Search in Google Scholar

Zhou XL, Ma XH, Sun GQ, Li X, Guo KP. Isolation of a thermostable uricase-producing bacterium and study on its enzyme production conditions. Process Biochem. 2005 Dec;40(12):3749–3753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.05.002 Zhou XL Ma XH Sun GQ Li X Guo KP. Isolation of a thermostable uricase-producing bacterium and study on its enzyme production conditions . Process Biochem . 2005 Dec ; 40 ( 12 ): 3749 – 3753 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.05.002 Search in Google Scholar

Zhu T, Chen H, Yang L, Liu Y, Li W, Sun W. Characterization and Cys-directed mutagenesis of urate oxidase from Bacillus subtilis BS04. Biologia. 2022 Jan;77:290–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00941-4 Zhu T Chen H Yang L Liu Y Li W Sun W. Characterization and Cys-directed mutagenesis of urate oxidase from Bacillus subtilis BS04 . Biologia . 2022 Jan ; 77 : 290 – 301 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00941-4 Search in Google Scholar