Mammographically detected spicules associated with malignant breast tumors frequently harbor additional tumor foci
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21 jun 2025
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Categoría del artículo: research article
Publicado en línea: 21 jun 2025
Páginas: 168 - 175
Recibido: 19 dic 2024
Aceptado: 07 abr 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/raon-2025-0041
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© 2025 Heli Tuomainen et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Presence and distribution of spicules in the pre- and intraoperative images
| Pre (%) | Intra (%) | P value (r |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of spicules | 12.2 ± 6.3 | 13.0 ± 6.2 | < 0.001 (0.577) |
| Maximum length of spicules (mm) | 7.3 ± 5.0 | 9.5 ± 5.1 | < 0.001 (0.564) |
| Presence of spicules | 0.648 | ||
| Yes | 97 (59.9) | 100 (61.7) | |
| No | 65 (40.1) | 62 (38.3) | |
| Radial distribution of spicules | 0.192 | ||
| < 25 % | 8 (8.2) | 7 (7.0) | |
| 25–50 % | 23 (23.7) | 22 (22.0) | |
| 50–75 % | 21 (21.6) | 18 (18.0) | |
| 75–100 % | 45 (46.4) | 53 (53.0) |
Characteristics of the patients and tumors
| Number (%) | |
|---|---|
| Patients | 156 |
| Lesions | 162 |
| Mean age, years (range) | 63.0 ± 10.2 (33–95) |
| Histology | |
| Invasive ductal | 125 (77.2) |
| Invasive lobular | 29 (17.9) |
| Others |
8 (4.9) |
| Size of tumor, mm (range) | 16.2 ± 10.0 (2–60) |
| Grade | |
| 1 | 51 (31.5) |
| 2 | 87 (53.7) |
| 3 | 24 (14.8) |
| T-stage | |
| T1 | 122 (75.3) |
| T2 | 38 (23.5) |
| T3 | 2 (1.2) |
| N-stage | |
| N0 | 117 (72.2) |
| N1 | 39 (24.1) |
| N2 | 5 (3.1) |
| N3 | 1 (0.6) |
| ER status | |
| Positive | 149 (92.0) |
| Negative | 13 (8.0) |
| PR status | |
| Positive | 144 (88.9) |
| Negative | 18 (11.1) |
| HER-2 status | |
| Positive | 11 (6.8) |
| Negative | 151 (93.2) |
| Ki-67 status | |
| Lower (≤ 14 %) | 60 (37.0) |
| Higher (> 14 %) | 101 (62.3) |
| Data missing | 1 (0.6) |
Distribution of tumor subtypes and presence of additional tumor material in spicules in relation to spiculated mass
| Spiculated | (%) | Non-spiculated | (%) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtype | |||||
| Luminal A | 28 | 41.2 | 32 | 34.0 | 0.016 |
| Luminal B | 39 | 57.4 | 46 | 48.9 | |
| HER-2 enriched | 1 | 1.5 | 8 | 8.5 | |
| Basal | 0 | 0 | 8 | 8.5 | |
| Presence of additional tumor in spicules | |||||
| Yes | 46 | 67.6 | 46 | 48.9 | 0.018 |
| No | 22 | 32.4 | 48 | 51.1 | |
Mammographic features of the tumors and the lesion descriptions according to Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 5th
| Breast composition | Number (%) |
|---|---|
| A | 49 (30.2) |
| B | 84 (51.9) |
| C | 26 (16.0) |
| D | 3 (1.9) |
| Findings | |
| Mass | 128 (79.0) |
| Calcification | 25 (15.4) |
| Architectural distortion | 6 (3.7) |
| Asymmetry | 2 (1.2) |
| Invisible on mammography | 1 (0.6) |
| Mass shape | |
| Oval | 14 (10.9) |
| Round | 61 (47.7) |
| Irregular | 53 (41.4) |
| Mass margin | |
| Circumscribed | 3 (2.3) |
| Obscured | 3 (2.3) |
| Microlobulated | 31 (24.2) |
| Indistinct | 23 (18.0) |
| Spiculated | 68 (53.1) |