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Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a teenager


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Figure 1

Chest X-ray at presentation.
Chest X-ray at presentation.

Figure 2–6

CT scan images showing ground-glass opacities with craniocaudal distribution and fine micronodules (“ground-glass” nodules).
CT scan images showing ground-glass opacities with craniocaudal distribution and fine micronodules (“ground-glass” nodules).

Interstitial lung diseases in children older than 2 years and teenagers

Disorders with known causes
Infection (8–10%)Viral infection (eg. cytomegalovirus infection, infection with Epstein–Barr virus)
Bacterial infection (eg. Pertussis, Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, or Mycobacterium species)
Fungal infection (eg. infection due to Histoplasma, Aspergillus or Pneumocystis species)
Parasitic infection (eg. visceral larva migrans)
Environmental conditions (13%)Exposure to organic dusts (hypersensitivity pneumonitis [7–12%])
Exposure to inorganic particulates (eg. silica, asbestos, talc, zinc)
Exposure to chemical fumes, gases
DrugsAntineoplastic agents
Other drugs or elements (eg. penicillamine, nitrofurantoin, gold)
Previous lung injuries
Chronic aspiration pneumonitis (4%–5%)
Resolving acute respiratory distress syndrome
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Lymphoproliferative disorders (10%)
Metabolic disorders
Lysosomal storage disorders (eg. Gaucher disease, Niemann–Pick disease)
Degenerative disorders (eg. pulmonary microlithiasis [1%])
Immunodeficiency-associated ILD
Disorders with unknown causes
Undetermined (19–27%)
Pulmonary haemorrhage syndromes
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (4–8%)
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (6%)
Lymphangiomatosis (4%)
Nonadenoviral bronchiolitis obliterans (4%)
Sarcoidosis (2%)
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (2%)
Eosinophilic syndromes (2%)
Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
Bronchocentric granulomatosis (1%)
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (correlates with ABCA3 deficiency)
Acute interstitial pneumonitis
ILDs associated with systemic diseases
Connective tissue diseases (2–4%) (juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, Sjögren syndrome, Behçet syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease)
Autoimmune diseases (anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease)
Pulmonary vasculitis
Liver disease (chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis)
Bowel disease (2%) (eg. ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease)
Amyloidosis
Neurocutaneous disorders (tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, ataxia–telangiectasia)
Bronchiolitis obliterans
eISSN:
2247-059X
Idioma:
Inglés
Calendario de la edición:
Volume Open
Temas de la revista:
Medicine, Clinical Medicine, other, Internal Medicine, Pneumology