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Using building information modelling to optimise design quality of natural lighting in Iraqi school buildings

Ahmed Saad Ali Al-Rudainy
Ahmed Saad Ali Al-Rudainy
 y 
Ahmed Mohammed Raoof Mahjoob
Ahmed Mohammed Raoof Mahjoob
   | 15 abr 2024
Organization, Technology and Management in Construction: an International Journal's Cover Image
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Article Category: Research Paper
Publicado en línea: 15 abr 2024
Páginas: 52 - 62
Recibido: 06 oct 2022
Aceptado: 23 may 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2024-0004
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© 2024 Ahmed Saad Ali Al-Rudainy et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1:

The research methodology. LEED v4, Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design.
The research methodology. LEED v4, Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design.

Fig. 2:

The plan layout of the studied school building (case study).
The plan layout of the studied school building (case study).

Fig. 3:

Revit model of school building (as case study).
Revit model of school building (as case study).

Fig. 4:

School building orientation and sun path (case study).
School building orientation and sun path (case study).

Fig. 5:

School building GRC façade (3D Revit model).
School building GRC façade (3D Revit model).

Fig. 6:

Natural lighting distribution simulation results obtained with the use of Revit (Insight plug-in).
Natural lighting distribution simulation results obtained with the use of Revit (Insight plug-in).

Fig. 7:

Natural lighting distribution simulation results using Revit (Insight plug-in) after modification of windows’ sizes.
Natural lighting distribution simulation results using Revit (Insight plug-in) after modification of windows’ sizes.

Fig. 8:

Natural daylight availability percentage according to LEED v4 threshold. LEED v4, Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design.
Natural daylight availability percentage according to LEED v4 threshold. LEED v4, Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design.

Fig. 9:

Natural daylight availability percentage according to basic layout design.
Natural daylight availability percentage according to basic layout design.

Fig. 10:

Natural daylight availability percentage after window dimension modification.
Natural daylight availability percentage after window dimension modification.

Fig. 11:

Revit rendering of natural lighting of classroom C2, for window dimensions: (A) 1.40 m x 1.20 m and (B) 1.90 m x 1.70 m; an increase of 92% is performed in the area.
Revit rendering of natural lighting of classroom C2, for window dimensions: (A) 1.40 m x 1.20 m and (B) 1.90 m x 1.70 m; an increase of 92% is performed in the area.

Fig. 12:

Revit rendering of natural lighting of teachers’ water closet, for the window dimensions: (A) 0.50 m x 0.90 m and (B) 1.50 m x 1.00 m; an increase of 422% is performed in the area.
Revit rendering of natural lighting of teachers’ water closet, for the window dimensions: (A) 0.50 m x 0.90 m and (B) 1.50 m x 1.00 m; an increase of 422% is performed in the area.

Daylight illuminance values (after modification of window dimensions).

Classroom No. Area (m2) Windows’ properties (modified) New daylight illuminance (Lux) Illuminance percentage increased (%) Compliance with LEED v4 requirements
L (m) H (m) Increased percentage of window area (%)
Assiss. room 1 16.79 2.30 1.90 73.4 745.11 59.13 Within 300–3,000 Lux
Assiss. room 2 16.79 2.30 1.90 73.4 745.11 59.16 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C1 39.18 4.10 1.90 54.6 630.81 47.99 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C11 39.18 4.10 1.90 54.6 574.73 45.04 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C12 35.05 4.10 1.90 54.6 554.79 42.49 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C10 37.52 4.10 1.90 54.6 525.85 39.98 Within 300–3,000 Lux
Teachers’ room 42.87 4.10 1.90 54.6 510.05 40.56 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C3 39.43 4.10 1.90 54.6 357.45 20.14 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C7 39.43 4.10 1.90 54.6 354.33 48.81 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C5 42.87 4.10 1.90 54.6 342.98 44.29 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C6 39.43 4.10 1.90 54.6 342.40 44.97 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C4 42.87 4.10 1.90 54.6 328.63 41.70 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C2 39.48 1.70 1.90 92.2 312.51 45.70 Within 300–3,000 Lux
W.C. teachers 53.55 0.90 0.50 0 301.20 347.88 Within 300–3,000 Lux
1.00 1.90 422
C8 39.96 4.10 1.90 54.6 81.24 69.57 <300 Lux
School’s shop 53.07 4.10 1.90 54.6 61.03 37.45 <300 Lux
C9 39.48 4.10 1.90 54.6 59.88 39.22 <300 Lux
Supervisor room 39.48 4.10 1.90 54.6 45.50 13.13 <300 Lux
Headmaster room 39.96 4.10 1.90 54.6 35.93 10.52 <300 Lux
Main hall 173.52 4.10 1.90 New window 22.16 1.93 <300 Lux
W.C. students 39.48 0.90 0.50 0 17.12 0.00 <300 Lux

Points for daylight floor area – sDA for schools, LEED v4 (Elkhapery et al. 2021).

sDA (for regularly occupied floor area) Points
55% 2
75% 3

Daylight illuminance values according to the simulation results.

Classroom No. Area (m2) Windows’ properties Daylight illuminance (Lux) Compliance with LEED v4 requirements
L (m) H (m) Orien. Nr./room
Assiss. room 1 16.79 1.80 1.40 South 1 468.23 Within 300–3,000 Lux
Assiss. room 2 16.79 1.80 1.40 South 1 468.14 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C1 39.18 3.60 1.40 South 1 426.24 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C11 39.18 3.60 1.40 East 1 396.25 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C12 35.05 3.60 1.40 East 1 389.35 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C10 37.52 3.60 1.40 East 1 375.66 Within 300–3,000 Lux
Teachers’ room 42.87 3.60 1.40 East 1 362.87 Within 300–3,000 Lux
C3 39.43 3.60 1.40 South 1 297.53 <300 Lux
C7 39.43 3.60 1.40 West 1 238.11 <300 Lux
C5 42.87 3.60 1.40 West 1 237.70 <300 Lux
C6 39.43 3.60 1.40 West 1 236.19 <300 Lux
C4 42.87 3.60 1.40 West 1 231.92 <300 Lux
C2 39.48 1.20 1.40 South 1 214.49 <300 Lux
C8 39.96 3.60 1.40 North 1 67.25 <300 Lux
School’s shop 53.07 3.60 1.40 West 8 47.91 <300 Lux
C9 39.48 3.60 1.40 North 1 44.40 <300 Lux
Supervisor room 39.48 3.60 1.40 S/W 1 43.01 <300 Lux
Headmaster room 39.96 3.60 1.40 S/W 1 40.22 <300 Lux
Main hall 173.52 - - - - 32.51 <300 Lux
W.C. students 39.48 0.90 0.50 S/W 1 21.74 <300 Lux
W.C. teachers 53.55 0.90 0.50 East 4 17.12 <300 Lux
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