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Accumulation of heavy metals in tilapia fish species and related histopathological changes in muscles, gills and liver of Oreochromis niloticus occurring in the area of Qahr El-Bahr, Lake Al-Manzalah, Egypt

Amal M. Yacoub
Amal M. Yacoub
, 
Soaad A. Mahmoud
Soaad A. Mahmoud
 y 
Amaal M. Abdel-Satar
Amaal M. Abdel-Satar
   | 21 mar 2021
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Article Category: Original research paper
Publicado en línea: 21 mar 2021
Páginas: 1 - 15
Recibido: 26 jul 2020
Aceptado: 02 oct 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oandhs-2021-0001
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© 2021 Amal M. Yacoub et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Map of Lake Al-Manzalah, Egypt (source: Google Earth 2020)
Map of Lake Al-Manzalah, Egypt (source: Google Earth 2020)

Figure 2

Relative risk of heavy metals for tilapia species
Relative risk of heavy metals for tilapia species

Figure 3

a–f. Vertical section of skin and muscles of O. niloticus obtained from Qahr El-Bahr, Lake Al-Manzalah, stained with H&E, showing: degeneration (D) of epithelial and hypodermal layers, muscle fibers; edema (E) & hemorrhage (Hr) between myomeres; separation (S) of epidermis from the dermal layer and balloon necrosis (Bn) in the hypodermal layer (a, d, f × 400) & (b, c, e × 100)
a–f. Vertical section of skin and muscles of O. niloticus obtained from Qahr El-Bahr, Lake Al-Manzalah, stained with H&E, showing: degeneration (D) of epithelial and hypodermal layers, muscle fibers; edema (E) & hemorrhage (Hr) between myomeres; separation (S) of epidermis from the dermal layer and balloon necrosis (Bn) in the hypodermal layer (a, d, f × 400) & (b, c, e × 100)

Figure 4

a–f. Longitudinal section of gills in O. niloticus obtained from Qahr El-Bahr, Lake Al-Manzalah, stained with H&E, showing: degeneration (D), necrosis (N), hemorrhage (Hr), hemolysis (Hs), edema (E), curling (Cr), aneurysm (A), hyperplasia (Hp) progressing to complete fusion (F) of primary and secondary lamellae (a, b, c, d, & f × 400; e × 100)
a–f. Longitudinal section of gills in O. niloticus obtained from Qahr El-Bahr, Lake Al-Manzalah, stained with H&E, showing: degeneration (D), necrosis (N), hemorrhage (Hr), hemolysis (Hs), edema (E), curling (Cr), aneurysm (A), hyperplasia (Hp) progressing to complete fusion (F) of primary and secondary lamellae (a, b, c, d, & f × 400; e × 100)

Figure 5

a–f. Liver sections of O. niloticus obtained from Qahr El-Bahr, Lake Al-Manzalah, stained with H&E, showing: degeneration (D), fatty degeneration (Fd), necrosis (N), hemorrhage (Hr) and hemosiderin (Hn) in hepatocytes, hemorrhage (Hr), hemosiderin (Hn) degeneration (D) in blood vessels, congestion (Cn) in blood sinusoids (× 400)
a–f. Liver sections of O. niloticus obtained from Qahr El-Bahr, Lake Al-Manzalah, stained with H&E, showing: degeneration (D), fatty degeneration (Fd), necrosis (N), hemorrhage (Hr) and hemosiderin (Hn) in hepatocytes, hemorrhage (Hr), hemosiderin (Hn) degeneration (D) in blood vessels, congestion (Cn) in blood sinusoids (× 400)

Estimated daily intakes of heavy metals for consumable fish collected from Qahr El-Bahr, the oral reference dose (RfD) and the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI)

Estimated Daily Intakes (EDIs; mg kg−1)
Species Fe Zn Cu Mn Pb Cd Ni
O. niloticus RangeMean ± SD 29.7–68.341.7 ± 17.1 23.2–33.829.1 ± 3.9 1.7–3.42.2 ± 0.6 2.3–5.63.6 ± 1.3 1.2–2.71.8 ± 0.5 0.3–0.90.5 ± 0.2 3.6–4.94.5 ± 0.4
O. aureus RangeMean ± SD 30.9–68.642.4 ± 12.6 25.9–37.130.3 ± 4.4 1.9–5.23.0 ± 1.1 2.4–6.14.0 ± 1.2 1.3–3.92.5 ± 1.0 0.3–1.10.8 ± 0.3 3.8–5.44.5 ± 0.5
T. zillii RangeMean ± SD 49.6–80.063.6 ± 9.7 32.4–40.837.0 ± 3.0 2.7–3.93.4 ± 0.4 3.8–6.65.0 ± 0.9 1.8–4.03.1 ± 0.9 0.8–1.21.0 ± 0.1 4.5–5.54.9 ± 0.4
RfD* 0.7 0.3 0.037 0.14 0.0035 0.001 0.02
MTDI** 0.8 1 0.5 1 0.003 0.0008 5
MTDI-70 56 70 35 70 0.21 0.056 350

Metal concentration (mg kg−1) in the muscles and gills of fish species collected from Qahr El-Bahr

Fish species (muscle) Fe Zn Cu Mn Pb Cd Ni
O. niloticus RangeMean ± SD 36.4–83.953.3 ± 21.0 28.5–41.535.7 ± 4.8 2.0–4.22.6 ± 0.8 2.9–6.94.4 ± 1.7 1.5–3.32.2 ± 0.7 0.4–1.10.7 ± 0.3 4.39–6.015.51 ± 0.5
O. aureus RangeMean ± SD 37.9–84.352.1 ± 15.5 30.7–45.637.3 ± 5.4 2.3–6.43.7 ± 1.4 2.9–7.54.9 ± 1.5 1.6–4.83.1 ± 1.2 0.4–1.41.0 ± 0.3 4.68–6.655.54 ± 0.6
T. zillii RangeMean ± SD 60.9–98.378.1 ± 11.9 39.8–50.145.5 ± 3.7 3.3–4.84.1 ± 0.5 4.7–8.16.1 ± 1.1 2.2–4.93.8 ± 1.1 1.0–1.41.2 ± 0.2 5.52–6.736.05 ± 0.5
Fish species (gills) Fe Zn Cu Mn Pb Cd Ni
O. niloticus RangeMean ± SD 119.3–220.0163.5 ± 41.7 55.0–76.665.4 ± 10.2 4.8–7.76.1 ± 1.2 21.3–54.232.3 ± 15.1 3.6–6.04.8 ± 1.1 1.0–1.41.3 ± 0.2 11.6–13.812.5 ± 1.0
O. aureus RangeMean ± SD 131.5–221.5176.5 ± 36.3 52.6–105.273.4 ± 18.5 5.9–10.17.4 ± 1.6 30.7–61.346.8 ± 13.3 5.5–7.26.3 ± 0.6 1.4–2.11.8 ± 0.3 11.4–14.012.5 ± 1.0
T. zillii RangeMean ± SD 189.5–291.2220.4 ± 42.7 66.9–105.287.7 ± 15.9 4.7–8.26.0 ± 1.4 35.9–68.949.2 ± 12.5 4.3–7.26.0 ± 1.1 1.4–2.31.8 ± 0.4 12.5–15.914.0 ± 1.2

Distribution of heavy metals in water and sediment of Lake Al-Manzalah (Goher et al. 2017)

Metal Lake water Lake sediment
Unit Value Unit Value
Fe μg l−1 216.7–862.4 mg g−1 8.50–15.36
Mn 8.7–34.6 μg g−1 96.4–362.4
Zn 22.2–58.4 15.3–108.3
Cu 4.3–15.0 5.6–19.0
Pb 7.9–74.7 5.7–63.5
Cd 1.0–3.7 1.09–4.10
Ni* 13.99–51.54 10.01–62.73

Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of metals due to fish consumption based on fish samples collected from Qahr El-Bahr

Species HQ HI TCR
Fe Zn Cu Mn Pb Cd Ni Pb Cd Ni
O. niloticus Range 0.04–0.10 0.08–0.11 0.05–0.09 0.02–0.04 0.34–0.77 0.33–0.90 0.18–0.25 1.21–2.10 1 × 10−5–2.3 × 10−5 1 × 10−4–3 × 10−4 6 × 10−3–8 × 10−3
Mean ± SD 0.06 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.51 ± 0.16 0.53 ± 0.23 0.22 ± 0.01 1.51 ± 0.40 2 × 10−5 ± 5 × 10−6 2 × 10−4 ± 9 × 10−5 8 × 10−3±7 × 10−4
O. aureus Range 0.04–0.10 0.08–0.12 0.05–0.14 0.02–0.04 0.37–1.11 0.33–1.10 0.19–0.27 1.43–2.69 1 × 10−5–3 × 10−5 1 × 10−4–4 × 10−4 6 × 10−3–9 × 10−3
Mean ± SD 0.06 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.01 0.71 ± 0.28 0.84 ± 0.27 0.23 ± 0.03 2.05 ± 0.50 2 × 10−5 ± 8 × 10−6 3 × 10−4 ± 1 × 10−4 8 × 10−3 ± 9 × 10−4
T. zillii Range 0.07–0.11 0.11–0.14 0.07–0.11 0.03–0.05 0.51–1.14 0.84–1.16 0.23–0.27 2.08–2.84 2 × 10−5–3 × 10−5 3 × 10−4–4 × 10−4 8 × 10−3–9 × 10−3
Mean ± SD 0.09 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.89 ± 0.26 0.99 ± 0.12 0.25 ± 0.02 2.46 ± 0.27 3 × 10−5±8 × 10−6 4 × 10−4 ± 5 × 10−5 8 × 10−3 ± 7 × 10−4

List of fish species, total length and size of tilapia fishes caught in Qahr El-Bahr, Lake Al-Manzalah

Species Total length (cm) Mean ± SD Body weight (g) Mean ± SD
Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) 23.51 ± 1.12 265.2 ± 52.6
Oreochromis aureus (O. aureus) 22.36 ± 0.98 252.4 ± 48.3
Tilapia zillii (T. zillii) 13.11 ± 1.45 95.5 ± 15.6
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