This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Vesikari E: “Service Life of Concrete Structures”. (“Betonirakenteiden käyttöikä”). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Research Reports No. 417, 1986. (In Finnish).Search in Google Scholar
Pentti M, Mattila J, & Wahlman J: “Repair of concrete facades and balconies, part I: structures, degradation and condition investigation”. (“Betonijulkisivujen ja –parvekkeiden korjaaminen, osa I: rakenteet, vaurioituminen ja kuntotutkimus”). Tampere University of Technology, Structural Engineering, Publication 87, 1998, 157 p. (In Finnish).Search in Google Scholar
Lahdensivu J: “Durability Properties and Actual Deterioration of Finnish Concrete Facades and Balconies”. Tampere University of Technology, DSc thesis, TUT Publ. 1028, 2012, 117 p. https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-15-2823-1.Search in Google Scholar
Tuutti K: “Corrosion of steel in concrete”. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Stockholm, CBI Research 4:82, 1982, 304 p.Search in Google Scholar
Liu T. & Weyers R W: “Modelling the dynamic corrosion process in chloride contaminated concrete structures”. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 28, 1998, pp. 365-379.Search in Google Scholar
Li C Q: “Reliability service life prediction of corrosion affected concrete structures”. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2004:130 (10), 2004 pp. 1570-1577.Search in Google Scholar
Köliö A: “Propagation of Carbonation Induced Reinforcement Corrosion in Existing Concrete Facades Exposed to the Finnish Climate”. Tampere University of Technology, PhD thesis, TUT Publ. 1399, 2016, 147 p.Search in Google Scholar
Fagerlund G: “A service life model for internal frost damage in concrete”. Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Division of Building Materials, Report TVBM-3119, 2004, 138 p.Search in Google Scholar
Al-Neshawy F: “Computerised prediction of the deterioration of concrete building facades caused by moisture and changes in temperature”. Aalto University, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Doctoral dissertations 96/2013, 2013, 222 p. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-5203-8.Search in Google Scholar
Alexander M: “Durability and service life prediction for concrete structures – developments and challenges”. Proceedings, MATEC Web of conferences, Vol. 149, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901006.Search in Google Scholar
Pakkala T: “Assessment of the Climate Change Effects on Finnish Concrete Facades and Balconies”. Tampere University, Dsc thesis, Tampere University Dissertations 204, 2020, p. 98. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-1423-1.Search in Google Scholar
Lindman N, Kallio J & Lahdensivu J: “Service Life of Concrete Pedestal without Air Entrainment”. Nordic Concrete Research, Vol. 64, 2021, DOI: 10.2478/ncr-2021-0008.Search in Google Scholar
Eriksson D: “Multiphase models for freeze-thaw actions and mass transport in concrete hydraulic structures”. KTH Royal institute of technology, PhD Thesis, Civil and Architectural Engineering, 2021, 159 p.Search in Google Scholar
Guo J, Sun W, Xu Y, Lin W & Jing W: “Damage Mechanism and Modeling of Concrete in Freeze-Thaw Cycles: A Review”. Buildings, Vol. 2022/12, No. 1317, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091317.Search in Google Scholar
Statistics Finland: “Buildings and free-time residences”. (“Rakennukset ja kesämökit”). Epublication, Reference date 14.2.2025. Retrieved from: https://pxdata.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__rakke/?tablelist=true.Search in Google Scholar
Vainio T, Lehtinen E, Nuuttila H: “Building and Renovation of Facades”. (“Julkisivujen uudis- ja korjausrakentaminen”). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland, 2005, p. 26 + app. 13 p. (in Finnish).Search in Google Scholar
Pakkala T A, Köliö A, Kiviste M & Lahdensivu J: “Durability demands related to frost attack for Finnish concrete buildings in changing climate”. Building and Environment, Vol. 82/2014, 2014, pp. 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.07.028.Search in Google Scholar
Pakkala T A, Lindman N & Lahdensivu J: “Assessing Climate Change Effects on Freeze-Thaw Exposure of Outdoor Concrete Structures”. Under review at Nordic Concrete Research, 2025.Search in Google Scholar
Fagerlund G: “The critical degree of saturation method of assessing the freeze/thaw resistance of concrete”. Tentative RILEM recommendation, Prepared on behalf of RILEM Committee 4 CDC, Materiaux et Constructions, Vol. 58, 1977, pp. 217-229.Search in Google Scholar
Mehta P K: “Concrete durability - fifty years progress”. Proceedings, 2nd International Conference on Concrete Durability, Montreal, QC, Canada, 1 September 1991, p. 132.Search in Google Scholar
Pigeon M & Pleau R: “Durability of concrete in cold climates”, Suffolk, E & FN Spon, 1995, 244 p.Search in Google Scholar
Setzer M J: “Basis of testing the freeze–thaw resistance: Surface and internal deterioration”. Proceedings, Frost Resistance of Concrete - Proceedings of the International RILEM Workshop on Resistance of Concrete to Freezing and Thawing with or without De-icing Chemicals, (Edited by Setzer M J & Auberg R), Essen, Germany, 1997, pp 157-173.Search in Google Scholar
Lisø K R, Kvande T, Hygen H O, Thue J V & Harstveit K: “2007a. A frost decay exposure index for porous, mineral building materials”. Building and Environment, Vol. 42(10), 2007, pp. 3547-3555.Search in Google Scholar
IPCC: “Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis”. Proceedings, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 2007.Search in Google Scholar
Jylhä K, Ruosteenoja K, Böök H, Lindfors A, Pirinen P, Laapas M & Mäkelä A: “Weather data for building-physical studies and the building energy reference year 2020 in a changing climate”. (“Nykyisen ja tulevan ilmaston säätietoja rakennusfysikaalisia laskelmia ja energialaskennan testivuotta 2020 varten”). Finnish Meteorological Institute, Report 2020:6, updated 9/2021, Helsinki, Finland, 2021, p. 81. (in Finnish). https://doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361287.Search in Google Scholar
Koskiahde A: “An experimental petrographic classification scheme for the condition assessment of concrete in facade panels and balconies”. Materials Characterization, Vol. 53, 2004, pp. 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2004.09.004.Search in Google Scholar
Lahdensivu E: “Deterioration of Concrete Facades and Balconies Constructed in the 1990s”. (“Betonielementtikerrostalojen Julkisivujen Ja Parvekkeiden Vaurioituminen 1990-luvun Rakennustuotannossa”). MSc Thesis. Tampere University, Tampere, Finland, 2022, p. 80. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tuni-202210267843.Search in Google Scholar
Concrete Association of Finland: “by32 - Guidelines for durability and service life of concrete structures”. (“by 32 - Betonirakenteiden säilyvyysohjeet ja käyttöikämitoitus”). Suomen betonitieto, Helsinki, Finland, 1989, p. 60. (in Finnish).Search in Google Scholar
Concrete Association of Finland: “by32 - Guidelines for durability and service life of concrete structures”. (“by 32 - Betonirakenteiden säilyvyysohjeet ja käyttöikämitoitus”). Suomen betonitieto, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, p. 66. (in Finnish).Search in Google Scholar