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Influence of heat treatment conditions of Hardox 500 steel on its resistance to abrasive wear

Martyna Zemlik

Martyna Zemlik

Department of Vehicle Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 Str.50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Zemlik, Martyna
, 
Beata Bialobrzeska

Beata Bialobrzeska

Department of Vehicle Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 Str.50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Bialobrzeska, Beata
, 
Mateusz Stachowicz

Mateusz Stachowicz

Department of Light Elements Engineering, Foundry and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 Str.50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Stachowicz, Mateusz
 y 
Lukasz Konat

Lukasz Konat

Department of Vehicle Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 Str.50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Konat, Lukasz
  
31 mar 2025
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Categoría del artículo: Research Article
Publicado en línea: 31 mar 2025
Páginas: 173 - 195
Recibido: 23 mar 2025
Aceptado: 28 may 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2025-0015
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© 2025 Martyna Zemlik, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Schematic diagram of the T-07 tribotester. 1 – sample, 2 – rubber-rimmed steel wheel, 3 – abrasive, 4 – load, and P1, P2, and P3 – regions of samples subjected to surface topography evaluation.
Schematic diagram of the T-07 tribotester. 1 – sample, 2 – rubber-rimmed steel wheel, 3 – abrasive, 4 – load, and P1, P2, and P3 – regions of samples subjected to surface topography evaluation.

Figure 2

Time–temperature graph for Hardox 500 steel. Assigned temperatures for individual transformations, phases, and components of the structure: pearlite – 736°C, ferrite – 795°C, bainite – 576°C, martensite (50%) – 331°C, martensite (90%) – 252°C, and M S – 366°C.
Time–temperature graph for Hardox 500 steel. Assigned temperatures for individual transformations, phases, and components of the structure: pearlite – 736°C, ferrite – 795°C, bainite – 576°C, martensite (50%) – 331°C, martensite (90%) – 252°C, and M S – 366°C.

Figure 3

Hardness measurement results of Hardox 500 steel under different heat treatment conditions.
Hardness measurement results of Hardox 500 steel under different heat treatment conditions.

Figure 4

Microstructure of Hardox 500 in the as-delivered condition and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.
Microstructure of Hardox 500 in the as-delivered condition and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.

Figure 5

Microstructure of Hardox 500 after water cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.
Microstructure of Hardox 500 after water cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.

Figure 6

Microstructure of Hardox 500 after mineral oil cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.
Microstructure of Hardox 500 after mineral oil cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.

Figure 7

Microstructure of Hardox 500 after synthetic oil cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.
Microstructure of Hardox 500 after synthetic oil cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.

Figure 8

Microstructure of Hardox 500 after air at 5 bar pressure cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.
Microstructure of Hardox 500 after air at 5 bar pressure cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.

Figure 9

Microstructure of Hardox 500 after air at 3 bar pressure cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.
Microstructure of Hardox 500 after air at 3 bar pressure cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.

Figure 10

Microstructure of Hardox 500 after air at 1 bar pressure cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.
Microstructure of Hardox 500 after air at 1 bar pressure cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.

Figure 11

Microstructure of Hardox 500 after air cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.
Microstructure of Hardox 500 after air cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.

Figure 12

Microstructure of Hardox 500 after furnace cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.
Microstructure of Hardox 500 after furnace cooling and etched with 5% HNO3: (a) LM and (b) SEM.

Figure 13

Relative abrasive wear resistance coefficient k b and hardness of Hardox 500 steel under different heat treatment conditions.
Relative abrasive wear resistance coefficient k b and hardness of Hardox 500 steel under different heat treatment conditions.

Figure 14

Effect of hardness on the mass loss of Hardox 500 steel under different heat treatment conditions.
Effect of hardness on the mass loss of Hardox 500 steel under different heat treatment conditions.

Figure 15

SEM analysis under unetched conditions of surfaces of Hardox 500 steel subjected to abrasive wear testing under different heat treatment conditions: (a) as-delivered condition, (b) after water cooling, (c) after mineral oil cooling, (d) after synthetic oil cooling, (e) after air cooling at 5 bar pressure, (f) after air cooling at 3 bar pressure, (g) after air cooling at 1 bar pressure, (h) after air cooling, and (i) after furnace cooling.
SEM analysis under unetched conditions of surfaces of Hardox 500 steel subjected to abrasive wear testing under different heat treatment conditions: (a) as-delivered condition, (b) after water cooling, (c) after mineral oil cooling, (d) after synthetic oil cooling, (e) after air cooling at 5 bar pressure, (f) after air cooling at 3 bar pressure, (g) after air cooling at 1 bar pressure, (h) after air cooling, and (i) after furnace cooling.

Figure 16

3D images obtained by SEM analysis of sample surfaces subjected to wear testing along the longitudinal direction of abrasive movement: (a) as-delivered condition, (b) after water cooling, (c) after mineral oil cooling, (d) after synthetic oil cooling, (e) after air cooling at 5 bar pressure, (f) after air cooling at 3 bar pressure, (g) after air cooling at 1 bar pressure, (h) after air cooling, and (i) after furnace cooling.
3D images obtained by SEM analysis of sample surfaces subjected to wear testing along the longitudinal direction of abrasive movement: (a) as-delivered condition, (b) after water cooling, (c) after mineral oil cooling, (d) after synthetic oil cooling, (e) after air cooling at 5 bar pressure, (f) after air cooling at 3 bar pressure, (g) after air cooling at 1 bar pressure, (h) after air cooling, and (i) after furnace cooling.

Figure 17

Cross-sectional SEM analysis under unetched conditions of selected samples subjected to abrasive wear: (a) as-delivered condition, (b) after mineral oil cooling, (c) after air cooling at 1 bar pressure, and (d) after furnace cooling.
Cross-sectional SEM analysis under unetched conditions of selected samples subjected to abrasive wear: (a) as-delivered condition, (b) after mineral oil cooling, (c) after air cooling at 1 bar pressure, and (d) after furnace cooling.

Figure 18

Roughness parameters R a, R p, and R v of Hardox 500 steel under different heat treatment conditions subjected to abrasive wear testing.
Roughness parameters R a, R p, and R v of Hardox 500 steel under different heat treatment conditions subjected to abrasive wear testing.

Figure 19

Profilograms of Hardox 500 steel under different heat treatment conditions subjected to abrasive wear testing.
Profilograms of Hardox 500 steel under different heat treatment conditions subjected to abrasive wear testing.

Mass consumption and volumetric wear loss determined experimentally and predicted by the Archard model_

State of heat treatment Actual mass consumption (g) Actual volumetric wear loss I exp (m3) Wear coefficient k determined empirically Wear coefficient k used in the Archard wear model Theoretical volumetric wear loss I Z (m3) Relative difference (%)
1 0.2236 2.84841 × 10⁻⁸ 0.009880 0.010272 3.00644 × 10⁻⁸ +5.55
2 0.218 2.77707 × 10⁻⁸ 0.010666 0.010272 2.71511 × 10⁻⁸ −2.23
3 0.23884 2.97898 × 10⁻⁸ 0.011578 0.010272 2.76135 × 10⁻⁸ −7.32
4 0.23385 3.04255 × 10⁻⁸ 0.011490 0.010272 2.68310 × 10⁻⁸ −11.82
5 0.25272 3.21936 × 10⁻⁸ 0.009238 0.010272 3.63384 × 10⁻⁸ +12.87
6 0.25722 3.27669 × 10⁻⁸ 0.008781 0.010272 3.89106 × 10⁻⁸ +18.72
7 0.29104 3.70752 × 10⁻⁸ 0.007391 0.005787 2.90297 × 10⁻⁸ −21.69
8 0.29543 3.76348 × 10⁻⁸ 0.005400 0.005787 4.03325 × 10⁻⁸ +7.17
9 0.3371 4.29427 × 10⁻⁸ 0.004570 0.005787 5.43758 × 10⁻⁸ +26.59

Chemical composition of Hardox 500 steel (in % by weight)_

C Mn Si P S Cr Ni Mo V Cu Al Ti Nb B
0.29 0.74 0.28 0.007 0.001 0.61 0.06 0.018 0.012 0.010 0.054 0.003 — 0.0009

Results of variance analysis_

Effect SS Effect df Effect MS Error SS Error df Error MS F p
R a 0.1072 8 0.0134 0.1407 18 0.0078 1.7140 0.1629
R p 0.9911 8 0.1239 4.6533 18 0.2585 0.4792 0.8551
R v 4.4831 8 0.5604 3.9031 18 0.2168 2.5844 0.0450

Results of Duncan’s test for the parameter R v_

State of heat treatment {1} M = 1.6167 {2} M = 2.0367 {3} M = 2.2233 {4} M = 2.0000 {5} M = 1.8600 {6} M = 2.2733 {7} M = 3.0667 {8} M = 1.7867 {9} M = 1.7533
{1} 0.3384 0.1759 0.3759 0.5651 0.1470 0.0034 0.6780 0.7236
{2} 0.3384 0.6295 0.9243 0.6662 0.5640 0.0215 0.5545 0.5109
{3} 0.1759 0.6295 0.5860 0.3924 0.8970 0.0488 0.3146 0.2855
{4} 0.3759 0.9243 0.5860 0.7171 0.5185 0.0197 0.6028 0.5598
{5} 0.5651 0.6662 0.3924 0.7171 0.3405 0.0103 0.8493 0.7944
{6} 0.1470 0.5640 0.8970 0.5185 0.3405 0.0516 0.2694 0.2426
{7} 0.0034 0.0215 0.0488 0.0197 0.0103 0.0516 0.0075 0.0067
{8} 0.6780 0.5545 0.3146 0.6028 0.8493 0.2694 0.0075 0.9312
{9} 0.7236 0.5109 0.2855 0.5598 0.7944 0.2426 0.0067 0.9312

Results of Levene’s test for homogeneity of variance_

Effect SS Effect df Effect MS Error SS Error df Error MS F p
Mass wear per 1 m of sliding distance 0.002684 8 0.000335 0.003295 31 0.000106 3.156335 0.00987

Parameters of the applied heat treatment procedures_

No Heat treatment parameters
1 As-delivered condition from the steel mill
2 Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s)
Quenching: austenitization at 880°C, 20 min and cooling in H2O (∼270°C/s)
Tempering: 100°C, 120 min, and air cooling
3 Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s)
Quenching: austenitization at 900°C, 20 min and cooling in transformer oil (∼25°C/s)
Tempering: 100°C, 120 min, and air cooling
4 Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s)
Quenching: austenitization at 900°C, 20 min and cooling in Durixol W72 (∼100°C/s)
Tempering: 100°C, 120 min, and air cooling
5 Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s)
Quenching: austenitization at 900°C, 20 min, and cooling with 5 bar air blast (∼5°C/s)
Tempering: 100°C, 120 min, and air cooling
6 Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s)
Quenching: austenitization at 900°C, 20 min, and cooling with 3 bar air blast (∼3°C/s)
Tempering: 100°C, 120 min, and air cooling
7 Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s)
Quenching: austenitization at 900°C and 20 min cooling with 1 bar air blast (∼1°C/s)
Tempering: 100°C, 120 min, and air cooling
8 Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s)
Quenching: austenitization at 900°C, 20 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s)
9 Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s)
Quenching: austenitization at 900°C, 20 min, and furnace cooling (∼0.01°C/s)

Results of Duncan’s test_

State of heat treatment {1} M = 0.7908 {2} M = 0.7911 {3} M = 0.8231 {4} M = 0.8388 {5} M = 0.8838 {6} M = 0.9098 {7} M = 1.0293 {8} M = 1.0449 {9} M = 1.1922
1 0.9867 0.0595 0.0075 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9867 0.0499 0.0064 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.0595 0.0499 0.3235 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0075 0.0064 0.3235 0.0074 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.0000 0.0001 0.0008 0.0074 0.1088 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.1088 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.3292 0.0001
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.3292 0.0001
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
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