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Enhancing mechanical properties of PVC composites through surface composite modified calcium sulfate whiskers

Yi-Ming Zhang

Yi-Ming Zhang

  • School of Metallurgical Future Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • School of Rare Earth Industry, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • Key Laboratory of Green Extraction & Efficient Utilization of Light Rare-Earth Resources (Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationBaotou, China
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Zhang, Yi-Ming
, 
Jinxiu Wu

Jinxiu Wu

  • School of Metallurgical Future Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • School of Rare Earth Industry, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • Key Laboratory of Green Extraction & Efficient Utilization of Light Rare-Earth Resources (Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationBaotou, China
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Wu, Jinxiu
, 
Qi Lu

Qi Lu

  • School of Metallurgical Future Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • School of Rare Earth Industry, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • Key Laboratory of Green Extraction & Efficient Utilization of Light Rare-Earth Resources (Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationBaotou, China
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Lu, Qi
, 
Si-Cheng Qin

Si-Cheng Qin

  • School of Metallurgical Future Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • School of Rare Earth Industry, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • Key Laboratory of Green Extraction & Efficient Utilization of Light Rare-Earth Resources (Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationBaotou, China
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Qin, Si-Cheng
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Zhao-Gang Liu

Zhao-Gang Liu

  • School of Metallurgical Future Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • School of Rare Earth Industry, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • Key Laboratory of Green Extraction & Efficient Utilization of Light Rare-Earth Resources (Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationBaotou, China
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Liu, Zhao-Gang
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Yan-Hong Hu

Yan-Hong Hu

  • School of Rare Earth Industry, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • Key Laboratory of Green Extraction & Efficient Utilization of Light Rare-Earth Resources (Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationBaotou, China
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
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Hu, Yan-Hong
, 
Xiao-Wei Zhang

Xiao-Wei Zhang

  • School of Metallurgical Future Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • School of Rare Earth Industry, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • Key Laboratory of Green Extraction & Efficient Utilization of Light Rare-Earth Resources (Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationBaotou, China
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Zhang, Xiao-Wei
, 
Jian-Fei Li

Jian-Fei Li

  • School of Metallurgical Future Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • School of Rare Earth Industry, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • Key Laboratory of Green Extraction & Efficient Utilization of Light Rare-Earth Resources (Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationBaotou, China
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Li, Jian-Fei
 y 
Dan-Hong Yang

Dan-Hong Yang

  • School of Metallurgical Future Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • School of Rare Earth Industry, Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou, China
  • Key Laboratory of Green Extraction & Efficient Utilization of Light Rare-Earth Resources (Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationBaotou, China
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Yang, Dan-Hong
  
08 nov 2024
Enhancing mechanical properties of PVC composites through surface composite modified calcium sulfate whiskers's Cover Image
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Categoría del artículo: Research Article
Publicado en línea: 08 nov 2024
Páginas: 55 - 71
Recibido: 21 jun 2024
Aceptado: 10 sept 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2024-0031
Palabras clave
© 2024 the Yi-Ming Zhang et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Effect of different modification temperatures on contact angle and surface free energy of CSW.
Effect of different modification temperatures on contact angle and surface free energy of CSW.

Figure 2

Contact angle of CSW at different modification temperatures.
Contact angle of CSW at different modification temperatures.

Figure 3

Effect of different modification times on contact angle and surface free energy of CSW.
Effect of different modification times on contact angle and surface free energy of CSW.

Figure 4

Contact angle of CSW at different modification times.
Contact angle of CSW at different modification times.

Figure 5

Effect of different stirring speeds on contact angle and surface free energy of CSW.
Effect of different stirring speeds on contact angle and surface free energy of CSW.

Figure 6

Contact angle of CSW at different stir-ring speeds.
Contact angle of CSW at different stir-ring speeds.

Figure 7

Effect of the titanate coupling agent addition on contact angle and surface free energy of CSW.
Effect of the titanate coupling agent addition on contact angle and surface free energy of CSW.

Figure 8

Contact angle of CSW with different titanate coupling agent additions.
Contact angle of CSW with different titanate coupling agent additions.

Figure 9

Effect of the stearate-to-titanate mass ratio on contact angle and surface free energy of CSW.
Effect of the stearate-to-titanate mass ratio on contact angle and surface free energy of CSW.

Figure 10

Contact angle of CSW with different stearate-to-titanate mass ratios.
Contact angle of CSW with different stearate-to-titanate mass ratios.

Figure 11

XRD patterns of anhydrous CSW before and after surface modification: (a) CSW, (b) MCSW, and (c) CMCSW.
XRD patterns of anhydrous CSW before and after surface modification: (a) CSW, (b) MCSW, and (c) CMCSW.

Figure 12

SEM images and contact angles of CSW before and after modification: (A) and (a) CSW, (B) and (b) MCSW, and (C) and (c) CMCSW.
SEM images and contact angles of CSW before and after modification: (A) and (a) CSW, (B) and (b) MCSW, and (C) and (c) CMCSW.

Figure 13

TEM images of modified CSW: (a) TEM photo of MCSW, (b) HRTEM photo of MCSW, (c) SAED photo of MCSW, (d) TEM photo of CMCSW, (e) HRTEM photo of CMCSW, and (f) SAED photo of CMCSW.
TEM images of modified CSW: (a) TEM photo of MCSW, (b) HRTEM photo of MCSW, (c) SAED photo of MCSW, (d) TEM photo of CMCSW, (e) HRTEM photo of CMCSW, and (f) SAED photo of CMCSW.

Figure 14

FT-IR patterns of anhydrous CSW before and after surface modification: (a) CSW, (b) MCSW, and (c) CMCSW.
FT-IR patterns of anhydrous CSW before and after surface modification: (a) CSW, (b) MCSW, and (c) CMCSW.

Figure 15

XPS analysis of MCSW: (a) total spectrum, (b) Ca, (c) Ti, (d) S, and (e) O.
XPS analysis of MCSW: (a) total spectrum, (b) Ca, (c) Ti, (d) S, and (e) O.

Figure 16

TG-DSC plot of CMCSW.
TG-DSC plot of CMCSW.

Figure 17

Modification mechanism diagram of CSW.
Modification mechanism diagram of CSW.

Figure 18

Mechanical properties of PVC composites with different additions of CSWs: (a) tensile strength and (b) elongation at break.
Mechanical properties of PVC composites with different additions of CSWs: (a) tensile strength and (b) elongation at break.

Figure 19

Stress–strain curve of CSW/MCSW/CMCSW-PVC composites: (a) stress–strain curve of CSW-PVC composite, (b) stress–strain curve of MCSW-PVC composite, and (c) stress–strain curve of CMCSW-PVC composite.
Stress–strain curve of CSW/MCSW/CMCSW-PVC composites: (a) stress–strain curve of CSW-PVC composite, (b) stress–strain curve of MCSW-PVC composite, and (c) stress–strain curve of CMCSW-PVC composite.

Figure 20

Interaction mechanism of CMCSW with PVC composites.
Interaction mechanism of CMCSW with PVC composites.

Mechanical property parameters of PVC composites with different additions of CSW/MCSW/CMCSW_

Specimens Tensile strength (MPa) Elongation at break (%) Permissible tensile stress (σ) (MPa) Strength max (N) Young’s modulus (MPa) Durometer (HA)
10% 60%
Unfilled 23.88 97.45 15.92 416.30 159.2 26.53 90
CSW5 27.97 119.75 18.64 538.99 186.4 31.07 89
CSW10 29.82 190.73 19.88 534.61 198.8 33.13 96
CSW15 31.58 221.86 21.05 617.49 210.5 35.08 95
CSW20 30.92 186.74 20.61 627.72 206.1 34.35 93
MCSW5 33.90 154.30 22.60 623.96 226.0 37.67 93
MCSW10 36.80 192.51 24.53 626.09 245.3 24.53 95
MCSW15 37.19 240.50 24.79 665.82 247.9 41.32 96
MCSW20 34.90 230.73 23.26 668.74 232.6 38.77 98
CMCSW5 39.22 215.40 26.14 627.21 261.4 43.57 97
CMCSW10 41.04 263.16 27.36 726.69 273.6 45.60 98
CMCSW15 41.25 352.61 27.50 787.41 275.0 45.83 98
CMCSW20 37.24 254.81 24.83 751.34 248.3 41.38 99

Composition of ammonium sulfate wastewater_

Name SO 4 2 − {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2-} MgO BaO CaO MnO2 NH 4 + {\text{NH}}_{4}^{+}
Concentration (g/L) <0.05 <0.010 0.017 9.29 0.96 1.09

PVC composite material formula_

Component PVC Stabilizer ACR DOP
Dosage/parts 100 4 7.5 25
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