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Spatial and temporal analysis of artificial light pollution of the city night sky. A case study from Toruń

Dominika Karpińska

Dominika Karpińska

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Geomatics and Cartography, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńToruń, Poland
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Karpińska, Dominika
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Mieczysław Kunz

Mieczysław Kunz

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Geomatics and Cartography, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńToruń, Poland
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Kunz, Mieczysław
  
31 jul 2023
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Publicado en línea: 31 jul 2023
Páginas: 123 - 133
Recibido: 26 may 2023
Aceptado: 19 jun 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2023-0015
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© 2023 Dominika Karpińska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Distribution of the surface brightness of the night sky in Toruń in the period 2017–2018 measured using an SQM-L hand-held photometer, with the locations of repeated measurements marked Source: own elaboration
Distribution of the surface brightness of the night sky in Toruń in the period 2017–2018 measured using an SQM-L hand-held photometer, with the locations of repeated measurements marked Source: own elaboration

Figure 2.

Location of the monitoring sites and communication gateways in Toruń, launched by the end of February 2023 as part of the night sky pollution monitoring system Source: own elaboration
Location of the monitoring sites and communication gateways in Toruń, launched by the end of February 2023 as part of the night sky pollution monitoring system Source: own elaboration

Figure 3.

Spatial distribution of the mean annual value of surface brightness of the night sky in Toruń and the minimum and maximum values Source: own elaboration
Spatial distribution of the mean annual value of surface brightness of the night sky in Toruń and the minimum and maximum values Source: own elaboration

Figure 4.

Spatial distribution of the mean value of surface brightness of the night sky in Toruń by astronomical seasons Source: own elaboration
Spatial distribution of the mean value of surface brightness of the night sky in Toruń by astronomical seasons Source: own elaboration

Figure 5.

Spatial distribution of the correlation between the cloud base height and the measured surface brightness of the night sky in Toruń Source: own elaboration
Spatial distribution of the correlation between the cloud base height and the measured surface brightness of the night sky in Toruń Source: own elaboration

Figure 6.

Measurements of night sky light pollution carried out at the sites located outside the built-up area (KLAN and KON) and those located in Toruń in different parts of the city (NCU and measurement sites No. 12, 23 and 8). The symbol of the Moon indicates a full moon Source: own elaboration
Measurements of night sky light pollution carried out at the sites located outside the built-up area (KLAN and KON) and those located in Toruń in different parts of the city (NCU and measurement sites No. 12, 23 and 8). The symbol of the Moon indicates a full moon Source: own elaboration

Figure 7.

Measurements of night sky light pollution carried out at selected monitoring sites in Toruń (No. 3 and 23) in relation to the phase of the moon and the degree of cloud cover; additionally, the moving mean calculated for 30 periods for measurements from each device is presented Source: own elaboration
Measurements of night sky light pollution carried out at selected monitoring sites in Toruń (No. 3 and 23) in relation to the phase of the moon and the degree of cloud cover; additionally, the moving mean calculated for 30 periods for measurements from each device is presented Source: own elaboration

Total correlation and correlation calculated for each astronomical season between surface brightness of the night sky and selected meteorological conditions related to the monitoring sites, with absolute values above 0_5 in bold

  ENTIRE YEAR SUMMER AUTUMN WINTER SPRING
Device ID The height of the cloud base Overall cloudiness Visibility The height of the cloud base Overall cloudiness Visibility The height of the cloud base Overall cloudiness Visibility The height of the cloud base Overall cloudiness Visibility The height of the cloud base Overall cloudiness Visibility
1 0.6 -0.5 0.2                   0.6 -0.5 0.2
2 0.5 -0.5 0.2                   0.5 -0.5 0.2
3 0.6 -0.6 0.4 0.6 -0.6 0.2 0.7 -0.6 0.2 0.6 -0.6 0.3 0.5 -0.7 0.2
7 0.5   0.2 0.4   0.1 0.5   0.0 0.4   0.6 0.4   0.0
8 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.4   0.3 0.4   -0.2 0.5   -0.2 0.3 0.0 0.2
9 0.5   0.1 0.4   0.1 0.4   0.0 0.4   0.3    
10 0.5 -0.3 0.1 0.4   0.1 0.7   0.0 0.2 -0.3 0.1 0.4   0.0
11 0.6   0.0 0.7   -0.1 0.6   -0.1 1.0   -0.1 0.6   0.1
12 0.5   0.2 0.4   0.2 0.5   -0.1 0.2   0.3 0.4   0.0
14 0.7   0.3 0.5   0.4 0.7   0.0 0.6   0.7 0.4   0.2
16 0.4   -0.1 0.4   0.0 0.4   -0.3       0.7   -0.2
17 0.2   -0.2 0.2   0.0 0.4   -0.2 0.7   0.4 0.4   0.0
18 0.6 -0.5 0.2 0.4   0.2 0.6 -0.4 0.0 0.5 -0.5 0.4 0.2 -0.4 0.1
22 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.2   0.5 0.5   -0.1 0.4   0.5 0.4 0.0 0.2
23 0.6 -0.6 0.3 0.5 -0.6 0.2 0.6 -0.6 0.0 0.5 -0.6 0.2 0.4 -0.4 0.0
25 0.5 -0.6 0.2 0.6 -0.6 0.0       0.4 -0.4 0.2 0.6 -0.7 0.2
28 0.6   0.4 0.3   0.2 0.6   -0.1 0.5   0.7 0.4   0.1
29 0.5 -0.5 0.3 0.6 -0.5 0.1 0.5 -0.5 0.1 0.3 -0.3 0.3 0.4 -0.5 0.1
30 0.5   0.0 0.6   0.0 0.4   -0.1       0.6   0.1
31 0.5 -0.5 0.3 0.3   0.3 0.7   -0.2 0.4 -0.5 0.1 0.3 -0.6 0.2
32 0.5 -0.4 0.1 0.6 -0.7 0.1 0.6 -0.5 0.1 0.4 -0.4 0.0 -0.2 -0.6 -0.3
33 0.6 -0.5 0.3 0.5 -0.6 0.2 0.6 -0.6 0.0 0.4 -0.5 0.2 0.4 -0.4 0.1
34 0.5 -0.5 0.2 0.4   0.1 0.6 -0.5 0.0 0.5 -0.5 0.3 0.3 -0.1 0.0

Prevalence (%) of each degree of cloud cover by astronomical season in the period from January 2019 to April 2022

OKTANS ALL YEAR SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN WINTER
0 22% 28% 24% 15% 22%
1 6% 10% 8% 3% 2%
2 6% 7% 9% 4% 4%
3 4% 5% 6% 4% 3%
4 3% 4% 4% 2% 2%
5 5% 6% 7% 4% 4%
6 5% 7% 6% 4% 4%
7 18% 17% 19% 17% 18%
8 30% 16% 17% 44% 40%
9 1% 0% 0% 3% 1%

Mean values of night sky surface brightness measurements recorded at the monitoring sites for the entire year and for individual astronomical seasons

Device ID LOCATION START DATE (END DATE) HEIGHT (floor) ALL YEAR [mag/arcsec2] SUMMER AUTUMN WINTER SPRING
MEAN MIN MAX MEAN [mag/arcsec2]
1 Włocławska 167 Street 23.03.2021 (20.04.2021) 3rd 17.5 15.9 20.1       17.5
2 Włocławska 167 Street 23.03.2021 (20.04.2021) 3rd 17.6 15.5 19.9       17.3
3 Lwowska 1 Street 16.02.2021 3rd 16.9 14.1 20.0 17.7 16.4 16.3 17.3
7 Szosa Lubicka 182 30.03.2022 3rd 16.3 14.1 17.6 17.0 16.3 15.7 16.5
8 Szosa Chełmińska 160 30.03.2022 3rd 17.2 14.0 19.5 17.9 17.3 16.4 17.0
9 Witosa 7 Street 12.07.2022 3rd 16.1 13.9 18.5 16.6 15.8 15.6  
10 Niesiołowskiego 26 Street 13.02.2022 1st 16.8 14.2 18.9 17.6 16.6 16.1 17.0
11 Kalinowa 17 Street 02.04.2022 ground 16.9 14.19 19.8 17.9 17.1 16.0 17.0
12 Rydygiera 19 Street 30.03.2022 9th 16.6 14.5 18.1 17.4 16.3 16.0 16.8
13 Kwiatowa 33 Street 03.01.2023 1st 15.8 14.0 19.4     15.8  
14 Dębowa 15 Street 23.05.2022 ground 16.6 14.0 20.0 18.0 16.3 16.8 17.9
16 Rudak allotment 30.05.2022 ground 17.8 15.3 20.6 18.2 17.8 17.1 18.4
17 Szubińska 38 Street 05.06.2022 1st 17.2 14.5 20.8 17.3 17.3 16.9 17.6
18 Fałata 82 Street 12.11.2021 2nd 17.0 14.4 20.8 17.9 16.8 16.6 17.6
22 Drzymały 5 Street 30.03.2022 4th 17.2 14.7 20.3 18.2 17.2 16.5 17.6
23 Matejki 55 Street 11.08.2021 10th 17.0 14.2 20.2 17.9 16.7 16.5 17.7
25 Lwowska 1 Street 16.02.2021 (12.09.2021) 3rd 17.1 14.2 20.8 17.2   16.5 16.7
26 Konstytucji 3 Maja 13 Street 13.01.2023 9th 14.4 13.7 15.2     14.4  
27 Łączna 40 Street 12.01.2023 3rd 16.4 14.3 20.9     16.4  
28 Matejki 16 Street 02.04.2022 4th 16.9 14.0 20.3 17.8 17.0 16.2 17.3
29 Włocławska 167 Street 18.05.2021 3rd 17.1 13.3 20.1 18.0 16.9 16.8 17.0
30 Łączna 40 Street 29.03.2022 (12.01.2023) 3rd 18.1 15.8 20.9 18.1 18.1 17.1 17.9
31 Makuszyńskiego 2 Street 15.01.2022 ground 17.1 13.8 20.0 17.9 16.6 17.0 17.2
32 Dębowa 15 Street 03.09.2021 (23.05.2022) ground 17.5 14.3 20.8 18.7 17.4 17.3 18.8
33 Końcowa 4 Street 28.07.2021 4th 17.1 14.0 20.8 18.1 17.0 16.5 17.7
34 Kwiatowa 33 Street 12.10.2021 (03.01.2023) 1st 17.0 14.1 21.0 17.9 16.9 16.7 17.4
35 Okólna 10 Street 30.12.2023 1st 16.2 14.1 20.2     16.1  
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