Perceived destination image of Poland: an analysis based on Ukrainian and Russian perceptions

Summary comparing the variation of visitor and non-visitor answers

Do you agree with the following statements (data in %)						measures
category	strongly disagree	somewhat disagree	neither agree nor disagree	somewhat agree	strongly agree	mean	standard deviation
S1. Poland is an attractive country in terms of tourism for Russians/Ukrainians
Russians – visitors	0.0	6.8	45.2	31.5	16.4	3.58	0.85
Russians – non-visitors	3.8	4.2	40.7	32.6	18.6	3.58	0.97
Ukrainians – visitors	5.8	12.6	31.1	26.3	24.2	3.51	1.16
Ukrainians – non-visitors	9.5	9.5	31.0	34.9	15.1	3.37	1.14
S2. Poland is an attractive country in terms of tourism for tourists from other countries
Russians – visitors	0.0	11.0	41.1	30.1	17.8	3.55	0.91
Russians – non-visitors	3.0	11.4	39.8	26.3	19.5	3.48	1.03
Ukrainians – visitors	0.5	22.6	31.1	35.8	10.0	3.32	0.95
Ukrainians – non-visitors	2.4	23.0	25.4	33.3	15.9	3.37	1.08
S3. Poland is a country with modern tourist attractions
Russians – visitors	0.0	23.3	21.9	39.7	15.1	3.47	1.01
Russians – non-visitors	2.5	14.0	37.7	35.2	10.6	3.37	0.94
Ukrainians – visitors	1.1	11.6	38.4	26.3	22.6	3.58	1.00
Ukrainians – non-visitors	0.8	12.7	38.9	27.0	20.6	3.54	0.99
S4. Poland offers a high standard of tourist services
Russians – visitors	0.0	8.2	35.6	47.9	8.2	3.56	0.76
Russians – non-visitors	0.8	9.3	47.9	30.5	11.4	3.42	0.85
Ukrainians – visitors	3.2	7.9	33.2	36.8	18.9	3.61	0.99
Ukrainians – non-visitors	4.8	4.8	31.7	37.3	21.4	3.66	1.02
S5. Poland offers favourable prices for tourist services
Russians – visitors	0.0	12.3	41.1	37.0	9.6	3.44	0.83
Russians – non-visitors	5.9	8.5	44.1	30.5	11.0	3.32	0.98
Ukrainians – visitors	2.6	8.9	37.9	30.0	20.5	3.57	1.00
Ukrainians – non-visitors	4.8	10.3	35.7	26.2	23.0	3.52	1.10
S7. There are beautiful landscapes in Poland
Russians – visitors	0.0	4.1	13.7	42.5	39.7	4.18	0.82
Russians – non-visitors	0.0	4.7	20.8	29.2	45.3	4.15	0.91
Ukrainians – visitors	0.0	2.1	18.4	43.7	35.8	4.13	0.78
Ukrainians – non-visitors	0.8	1.6	19.0	38.9	39.7	4.15	0.84
S8. Poland is a country in which it is easy to travel
Russians – visitors	0.0	2.7	21.9	47.9	27.4	4.00	0.78
Russians – non-visitors	2.1	5.5	37.3	31.8	23.3	3.69	0.96
Ukrainians – visitors	0.5	3.2	37.9	32.1	26.3	3.81	0.88
Ukrainians – non-visitors	1.6	4.0	42.9	31.0	20.6	3.65	0.91
S9. There is very good tourist infrastructure in Poland
Russians – visitors	0.0	6.8	37.0	45.2	11.0	3.60	0.78
Russians – non-visitors	1.3	9.3	36.9	39.0	13.6	3.54	0.89
Ukrainians – visitors	0.0	6.3	28.9	51.1	13.7	3.72	0.78
Ukrainians – non-visitors	0.8	12.7	29.4	44.4	12.7	3.56	0.90
S10. In Poland, it is easy to find information on what to visit and where to go
Russians – visitors	0.0	2.7	38.4	47.9	11.0	3.67	0.71
Russians – non-visitors	0.0	5.1	29.7	41.5	23.7	3.84	0.84
Ukrainians – visitors	2.1	2.6	37.9	33.2	24.2	3.75	0.93
Ukrainians – non-visitors	0.8	3.2	38.9	37.3	19.8	3.72	0.85
S11. There are many cultural events in Poland
Russians – visitors	0.0	9.6	27.4	45.2	17.8	3.71	0.87
Russians – non-visitors	1.3	6.8	28.0	36.4	27.5	3.82	0.96
Ukrainians – visitors	0.5	3.2	32.6	46.3	17.4	3.77	0.79
Ukrainians – non-visitors	0.0	6.3	19.8	49.2	24.6	3.92	0.84
S12. In Poland I can spend my time any way I like
Russians – visitors	0.0	4.1	23.3	47.9	24.7	3.93	0.80
Russians – non-visitors	0.0	3.4	21.6	37.3	37.7	4.09	0.84
Ukrainians – visitors	0.0	3.2	22.6	55.8	18.4	3.89	0.73
Ukrainians – non-visitors	1.6	3.2	23.8	49.2	22.2	3.87	0.85
S13. Poland is a country where you can travel safely
Russians – visitors	0.0	12.3	26.0	42.5	19.2	3.68	0.93
Russians – non-visitors	1.7	9.7	29.7	38.6	20.3	3.66	0.97
Ukrainians – visitors	0.0	3.7	25.3	58.4	12.6	3.80	0.70
Ukrainians – non-visitors	0.0	0.8	27.0	57.1	15.1	3.73	0.92
S14. There are many important European cultural locations in Poland
Russians – visitors	0.0	2.7	15.1	53.4	28.8	4.08	0.74
Russians – non-visitors	0.8	4.7	27.5	40.7	26.3	3.87	0.89
Ukrainians – visitors	0.5	8.4	32.6	33.7	24.7	3.74	0.95
Ukrainians – non-visitors	0.0	6.3	39.7	28.6	25.4	3.87	0.66
S15. Time spent in Poland is more interesting than in many other popular places abroad
Russians – visitors	0.0	34.2	27.4	20.5	17.8	3.22	1.11
Russians – non-visitors	11.4	22.0	33.1	25.8	7.6	2.96	1.11
Ukrainians – visitors	6.8	21.1	44.2	15.8	12.1	3.05	1.06
Ukrainians – non-visitors	4.0	19.8	43.7	19.8	12.7	3.17	1.02
S16. Poland is one of the countries that I would like to get to know better
Russians – visitors	4.1	15.1	15.1	23.3	42.5	3.85	1.24
Russians – non-visitors	8.5	4.2	12.7	22.9	51.7	4.05	1.26
Ukrainians – visitors	2.6	12.6	28.4	36.8	19.5	3.58	1.02
Ukrainians – non-visitors	4.8	7.9	23.0	32.5	31.7	3.79	1.12

The results of verification of null hypotheses in relation to Russian and Ukrainian visitors and non-visitors

statements	Russians – visitors	Russians – non-visitors	Ukrainians – visitors	Ukrainians – non-visitors
	level of significance – 0.05; H0: m = 3
	cv = 2.00	cv = 1.96	cv =1.96	cv = 1.98
	empirical value of Student's t-test
S1	5.75	9.18	6.01	3.59
S2	5.09	7.14	4.65	3.88
S3	3.89	6.07	7.99	6.15
S4	6.24	7.67	8.47	7.24
S5	4.46	5.06	7.84	5.34
S7	12.16	19.37	19.93	15.38
S8	10.85	10.92	12.55	8.06
S9	6.58	9.35	12.79	6.93
S10	8.04	15.31	11.13	9.59
S11	6.92	13.15	13.42	12.37
S12	9.82	19.93	16.96	11.55
S13	6.28	10.48	15.77	14.68
S14	12.40	14.98	10.75	8.95
S15	1.68	−0.53	0.68	1.92
S16	5.80	12.76	7.79	7.86

Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents

Feature	Russians		Ukrainians
	number of respondents	percentage	number of respondents	percentage
Gender
Women	174	56.3	172	54.4
Men	135	43.7	144	45.6
Age
Up to 18 years	40	12.9	61	19.3
19–40 years	173	56.0	176	55.7
41–65 years	66	21.4	41	13.0
Over 65 years	30	9.7	38	12.0
Place of residence
Village	40	12.9	87	27.5
City	170	55.0	162	51.3
Capital city of the region	99	32.1	67	21.2
Previously visited Poland
Yes	73	23.6	190	60.1
No	236	76.4	126	39.1

Cronbach's correlation coefficients and values after omitting a given statement for surveys completed by Russians and Ukrainians

Statement		Russia		Ukraine
		Correlation coefficient*	Cronbach's alpha index**	Correlation coefficient*	Cronbach's alpha index**
S1	Poland is an attractive country in terms of tourism for Russians/Ukrainians	0.516	0.874	0.289	0.633
S2	Poland is an attractive country in terms of tourism for tourists from other countries	0.546	0.873	0.341	0.625
S3	Poland is a country with modern tourist attractions	0.611	0.870	0.370	0.621
S4	Poland offers a high standard of tourist services	0.608	0.871	0.280	0.634
S5	Poland offers favourable prices for tourist services	0.605	0.871	0.237	0.640
S6	Poland is a country whose tourist attractions require more advertising	0.209	0.888	0.038	0.669
S7	There are beautiful landscapes in Poland	0.528	0.874	0.171	0.647
S8	Poland is a country in which it is easy to travel	0.591	0.871	0.288	0.633
S9	There is very good tourist infrastructure in Poland	0.579	0.872	0.260	0.637
S10	In Poland, it is easy to find information on what to visit and where to go	0.470	0.876	0.250	0.638
S11	There are many cultural events in Poland	0.635	0.869	0.251	0.638
S12	In Poland I can spend my time any way I like	0.506	0.875	0.388	0.623
S13	Poland is a country where you can travel safely	0.542	0.873	0.270	0.637
S14	There are many important European cultural locations in Poland	0.562	0.873	0.244	0.639
S15	Time spent in Poland is more interesting than in many other popular places abroad	0.558	0.873	0.210	0.645
S16	Poland is one of the countries that I would like to get to know better	0.471	0.878	0.319	0.628

Results of the null hypotheses verification in reference to Russians and Ukrainians

Statement	Russians	Ukrainians
	level of significance − 0.05; m = 3, cv = 1.96
	Empirical value of t-test
S1	10.85	6.93
S2	8.71	6.06
S3	7.26	10.10
S4	9.70	11.16
S5	6.46	9.42
S7	22.92	25.17
S8	14.38	14.77
S9	11.37	14.02
S10	17.20	14.68
S11	14.94	18.19
S12	22.04	20.29
S13	12.28	21.46
S14	18.82	14.00
S15	0.36	1.72
S16	14.05	11.02

Summary comparing the variation of Russian and Ukrainian answers

Do you agree with the following statements (data in %)						measures
category	strongly disagree	somewhat disagree	neither agree nor disagree	somewhat agree	strongly agree	mean	standard deviation
S1. Poland is an attractive country in terms of tourism for Russians/Ukrainians
Russians	2.9	4.9	41.7	32.4	18.1	3.58	0.94
Ukrainians	7.3	11.4	31.0	29.7	20.6	3.45	1.15
S2. Poland is an attractive country in terms of tourism for tourists from other countries
Russians	2.3	11.3	40.1	27.2	19.1	3.50	1.00
Ukrainians	1.3	22.8	28.8	34.8	12.3	3.34	1.00
S3. Poland is a country with modern tourist attractions
Russians	1.9	16.2	34.0	36.2	11.7	3.39	0.96
Ukrainians	0.9	12.0	38.6	26.6	21.8	3.56	0.99
S4. Poland offers a high standard of tourist services
Russians	0.6	9.1	45.0	34.6	10.7	3.46	0.83
Ukrainians	3.8	6.6	32.6	37.0	19.9	3.63	1.00
S5. Poland offers favourable prices for tourist services
Russians	4.5	9.4	43.4	32.0	10.7	3.35	0.95
Ukrainians	3.5	9.5	37.0	28.5	21.5	3.55	1.04
S7. There are beautiful landscapes in Poland
Russians	0.0	4.5	19.1	32.4	44.0	4.16	0.89
Ukrainians	0.3	1.9	18.7	41.8	37.3	4.14	0.80
S8. Poland is a country in which it is easy to travel
Russians	1.6	4.9	33.7	35.6	24.3	3.76	0.93
Ukrainians	0.9	3.5	39.9	31.6	24.1	3.74	0.89
S9. There is very good tourist infrastructure in Poland
Russians	1.0	8.7	36.9	40.5	12.9	3.56	0.86
Ukrainians	0.3	8.9	29.1	48.4	13.3	3.66	0.83
S10. In Poland, it is easy to find information on what to visit and where to go
Russians	0.0	4.5	31.7	43.0	20.7	3.80	0.82
Ukrainians	1.6	2.8	38.3	34.8	22.5	3.74	0.89
S11. There are many cultural events in Poland
Russians	1.0	7.4	27.8	38.5	25.2	3.80	0.94
Ukrainians	0.3	4.4	27.5	47.5	20.3	3.83	0.81
S12. In Poland I can spend my time any way I like
Russians	0.0	3.6	22.0	39.8	34.6	4.06	0.84
Ukrainians	0.6	3.2	23.1	53.2	19.9	3.89	0.78
S13. Poland is a country where you can travel safely
Russians	1.3	10.4	28.8	39.5	20.1	3.67	0.95
Ukrainians	0.0	2.5	25.9	57.9	13.6	3.83	0.68
S14. There are many important European cultural locations in Poland
Russians	0.6	4.2	24.6	43.7	26.9	3.92	0.86
Ukrainians	0.3	7.6	35.4	31.6	25.0	3.73	0.93
S15. Time spent in Poland is more interesting than in many other popular places abroad
Russians	8.7	24.9	31.7	24.6	10.0	3.02	1.12
Ukrainians	5.7	20.6	44.0	17.4	12.3	3.10	1.05
S16. Poland is one of the countries that I would like to get to know better
Russians	7.4	6.8	13.3	23.0	49.5	4.00	1.25
Ukrainians	3.5	10.8	26.3	35.1	24.4	3.66	1.07