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Technical Education, Non-cognitive Skills and Labor Market Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Brazil

Juliana Camargo
Juliana Camargo
, 
Lycia Lima
Lycia Lima
, 
Flavio Riva
Flavio Riva
 y 
André Portela Souza
André Portela Souza
   | 03 mar 2021
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Publicado en línea: 03 mar 2021
Páginas: -
Aceptado: 16 abr 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajole-2021-0002
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© 2021 Juliana Camargo et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Types of Courses Tracks Offered Through PRONATEC [Amorim et al., 2015].
Types of Courses Tracks Offered Through PRONATEC [Amorim et al., 2015].

Average Intent-to-treat Estimates on Labor Market Outcomes

Dep. Var.: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
Employment Labor market participation Tenure Formal employment Work earnings Wages (in logs)
Panel A: All
PRONATEC Offer 0.043 [0.042] 0.053 [0.034] 4.258 [4.486] 0.051 [0.051] 102.688 [108.5] 0.046 [0.050]
No offer group mean 0.802 0.865 33.008 0.690 1399.135 7.345
(i) p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.301 0.124 0.393 0.315 0.344 0.360
(ii) p-value (H0: τITT,i = 0, ∀ i) 0.270 0.102 0.345 0.309 0.312 0.399
Number of observations 735 735 726 735 731 567
Panel B: Women
PRONATEC Offer 0.217 [0.093] 0.262 [0.078] 16.410 [6.663] 0.354 [0.097] 513.000 [149.1] 0.229 [0.101]
No offer group mean 0.658 0.711 24.711 0.474 873.026 7.055
(i) p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.020 0.002 0.015 <0.001 0.001 0.025
(ii) p-value (H0: τITT,i = 0, ∀ i) 0.008 0.000 0.011 <0.001 0.001 0.018
Number of observations 237 237 235 237 237 166
Panel C: Men
PRONATEC Offer −0.017 [0.047] −0.027 [0.035] −0.542 [5.731] −0.068 [0.058] −39.420 [144.3] −0.007 [0.060]
No offer group mean 0.864 0.932 36.632 0.784 1626.318 7.445
(i) p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.717 0.416 0.736 0.252 0.899 0.810
(ii) p-value (H0: τITT,i = 0, ∀ i) 0.825 0.487 0.926 0.254 0.783 0.906
Number of observations 498 498 491 498 494 401

Average Intent-to-treat Estimates on Technical and Non-Technical Education Graduation Rates

Technical Education General Education
Dep. Var.: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
Enrolled (PRONATEC) Enrolled (any) Graduated (PRONATEC) Graduated (any) Graduated High-school, concomitant Enrolled (Tertiary)
Panel A: All
Offer 0.777 [0.030] 0.641 [0.044] 0.452 [0.041] 0.234 [0.054] 0.147 [0.068] −0.034 [0.051]
No offer group mean 0.016 0.198 0.087 0.437 0.774 0.389
(i) p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.000 0.000 <0.001 <0.001 0.031 0.513
(ii) p-value (H0: τITT,i = 0, ∀ i) 0.000 0.000 <0.001 <0.001 0.033 0.253
Number of observations 735 735 735 735 319 735
Panel B: Women
Offer 0.736 [0.055] 0.596 [0.089] 0.458 [0.070] 0.200 [0.101] 0.014 [0.074] 0.016 [0.108]
No offer group mean 0.026 0.211 0.053 0.368 0.889 0.447
(i) p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.000 0.000 <0.001 0.050 0.845 0.884
(ii) p-value (H0: τITT,i = 0, ∀ i) 0.000 0.000 <0.001 0.022 0.429 0.413
Number of observations 237 237 237 237 118 237
Panel C: Men
Offer 0.815 [0.034] 0.678 [0.052] 0.464 [0.051] 0.238 [0.067] 0.210 [0.088] −0.018 [0.059]
No offer group mean 0.011 0.193 0.102 0.466 0.727 0.364
(i) p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.000 0.000 <0.001 <0.001 0.018 0.756
(ii) p-value (H0: τITT,i = 0, ∀ i) 0.000 0.000 <0.001 <0.001 0.033 0.377
Number of observations 498 498 498 498 201 498

Possible Heterogeneos Effects

(a) (b) (c)
Dep. Var.: Employment All Employment Women Employment Men
Offer −0.000 [0.045] 0.241 [0.111] −0.099 [0.047]
p-value 0.999 0.030 0.038
Mother completed high-school −0.242 [0.096] −0.131 [0.220] −0.292 [0.098]
p-value 0.012 0.554 0.003
Father completed high-school 0.152 [0.105] 0.046 [0.230] 0.192 [0.111]
p-value 0.149 0.841 0.084
Offer*Mother completed high-school −0.004 [0.092] 0.064 [0.235] −0.043 [0.092]
p-value 0.968 0.785 0.643
Offer*Father completed high-school −0.009 [0.101] −0.185 [0.247] 0.090 [0.102]
p-value 0.928 0.455 0.379
Constant 0.779 [0.093] 0.373 [0.194] 1.004 [0.099]
p-value 0.000 0.056 0.000
Number of observations 735 237 498

Structural Equation Model Parameters

Dep. Var.: (a) (b) (c)
All Women Men
α1 0.801 [0.062] 0.669 [0.125] 0.875 [0.071]
p-value 0.000 0.000 0.000
β1 0.627 [0.086] 0.800 [0.173] 0.573 [0.100]
p-value 0.000 0.000 0.000
γ1 0.144 [0.102] 0.964 [0.178] −0.022 [0.124]
p-value 0.160 0.000 0.862
θ1 0.043 [0.039] 0.034 [0.076] −0.119 [0.045]
p-value 0.266 0.652 0.007
θ2 0.176 [0.003] 0.477 [0.010] 0.022 [0.003]
p-value 0.000 0.000 0.000
θ1* β1 0.029 0.129 −0.086
θ2* γ1 0.034 0.426 0.003
θ1* β1 + θ2*γ1 0.063 0.556 −0.082
Number of observations 364 107 257

Attrition

Dep. Var.: All Subsc. Women Men
Offer −0.047 [0.043] −0.057 [0.104] −0.033 [0.048]
p–value 0.267 0.585 0.489
Number of observations 1,444 467 977

Average intent-to-treat Estimates on Possible Channels Outcomes

Possible Channels
Dep. Var.: (a) (b) (c) (d)
NC Index Ocupation (course area) Certificate Gateway
Panel A: All
Offer 0.148 [0.141] 0.175 [0.049] 0.286 [0.079] −0.017 [0.028]
No offer group mean 0.165 0.270 0.059
(i) p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.296 0.000 0.000 0.529
(ii) p-value (H0: τITT,i = 0, ∀ i) 0.306 0.001 0.000 0.467
Number of observations 376 571 587 569
Panel B: Women
Offer 0.503 [0.183] 0.079 [0.041] 0.283 [0.201] 0.015 [0.023]
No offer group mean −0.316 0.043 0.250 0.000
(i) p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.007 0.054 0.160 0.503
(ii) p-value (H0: τITT,i = 0, ∀ i) 0.028 0.206 0.025 0.807
Number of observations 111 163 183 164
Panel C: Men
Offer 0.052 [0.188] 0.210 [0.064] 0.283 [0.089] −0.023 [0.037]
No offer group mean 0.110 0.203 0.276 0.078
(i) p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.783 0.001 0.002 0.534
(ii) p-value (H0: τITT,i = 0, ∀ i) 0.761 0.003 0.000 0.539
Number of observations 265 408 404 405

Within-Strata Balance Across Enrollment Arms, All Interviewed Subscribers who received an offer

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Mean (No Enrollment) Mean (Enrollment) p-value (w. strata) % Size Number of obs.
Male 0.622 0.687 0.631 10.4% 609
Black, “pardo” or indigenous 0.299 0.251 0.518 −16.1% 609
Age 23.559 23.867 0.461 1.3% 609
Mother completed high-school 0.270 0.255 0.910 −5.4% 609
Mother completed tertiary 0.087 0.091 0.477 5.4% 609
Father completed high-school 0.222 0.253 0.347 13.9% 609
Father completed tertiary 0.055 0.062 0.507 12.9% 609
Concomitant modality 0.457 0.477 0.0126 4.5% 609
N 127 482
F–stat p–value
1.240 0.278

LATE Estimates on Possible Channels Outcomes

Possible Channels
Dep. Var.: (a) (b) (c) (d)
NC Index Ocupation (course area) Certificate Gateway
Panel A: All
Offer 0.187 [0.172] 0.217 [0.058] 0.334 [0.090] −0.022 [0.034]
0.277 0.000 0.000 0.515
No offer group mean 0.165 0.270 0.059
p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.296 0.000 0.000 0.529
Number of observations 376 571 587 569
Panel B: Women
Offer 0.697 [0.240] 0.108 [0.050] 0.318 [0.205] 0.020 [0.028]
0.004 0.032 0.121 0.465
No offer group mean −0.316 0.043 0.250 0.000
p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.007 0.054 0.160 0.503
Number of observations 111 163 183 164
Panel C: Men
Offer 0.060 [0.207] 0.247 [0.072] 0.32 [0.093] −0.027 [0.042]
0.771 0.001 0.001 0.517
No offer group mean 0.110 0.203 0.276 0.078
p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.783 0.001 0.002 0.534
Number of observations 265 408 404 405

Atrition (answered non-cognitive module), All Inter-viewed Subscribers and by Gender Group

(a) (b) (c)
All Women Men
Answered
Offer −0.015 [0.050] 0.099 [0.090] −0.058 [0.062]
p-value (w. strata) 0.766 0.273 0.354
Number of observations 735 237 498

Within-Strata Balance Across Treatment Offer Arms, All Interviewed Subscribers

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Mean (No offer) Mean (Offer) p−value (w. strata) % Size Number of obs.
Male 0.698 0.673 0.783 −3.6% 735
Black, ’pardo’ or indigenous 0.206 0.261 0.377 26.5% 735
Age 27.25 (7.60) 23.80 (6.46) 0.949 −12.7% 735
Mother completed high-school 0.190 0.258 0.645 35.6% 734
Mother completed tertiary 0.071 0.090 0.418 26.4% 735
Father completed high-school 0.230 0.247 0.311 7.2% 734
Father completed tertiary 0.048 0.061 0.944 27.6% 735
Concomitant modality 0.246 0.473 0.072 92.2% 735
N 126 609
F–stat p–value
0.838 0.569

Number of subscriptions by municipality and course

Course Chapecó Itapiranga S. M. Oeste Xanxerê Total
Mechanics 201 0 0 77 278
Administration 8 0 0 0 8
Pharmaceutical 0 0 5 0 5
Computer Network 163 49 30 38 280
Workplace Safety 223 0 28 42 293
Building 31 0 0 0 31
Electrotechnology 113 76 35 0 224
Electronics 46 0 0 0 46
Electromechanics 0 0 62 61 123
Food Technology 92 0 64 0 156
Total 877 125 224 218 1,444

Average Intent-to-treat Estimates on Probability of being above Quantiles of Standardized Index of Non-cognitive Skills

(a) (b) (c)
All Women Men
Probability of being above 20%
Offer 0.0621 [0.0319] 0.116 [0.0561] 0.0446 [0.0384]
p-value (w. strata) 0.052 0.038 0.246
Probability of being above 40%
Offer 0.0524 [0.0413] 0.0652 [0.0779] 0.0507 [0.0485]
p-value (w. strata) 0.205 0.402 0.296
Probability of being above 60%
Offer 0.0224 [0.0461] 0.0615 [0.0844] 0.0228 [0.0548]
p-value (w. strata) 0.627 0.466 0.678
Probability of being above 80%
Offer 0.0337 [0.0474] −0.0655 [0.0871] 0.0725 [0.0559]
p-value (w. strata) 0.477 0.452 0.194
P-value joint 0.3442 0.0502 0.4181
Number of observations 735 237 498

OLS Estimates of the Correlation between the Treatment and Labor Market Outcomes

(a) (b)
Dep. Var.: Employment EEB Employment PRONATEC
Treatment 0.101 [0.077] −0.007 [0.046]
p-value 0.189 0.883
Female −0.228 [0.094] −0.225 [0.092]
p-value 0.016 0.015
Age −0.003 [0.017] 0.001 [0.003]
p-value 0.860 0.644
Treatment*Female 0.183 [0.118] 0.158 [0.096]
p-value 0.123 0.100
Constant 0.829 [0.345] 0.780 [0.086]
p-value 0.017 0.000
Number of observations 204 735

LATE Estimates on Standardized Indicators of Non-cognitive Skills

Dep. Var.: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
NC Index Agreeableness Conscientiousness Extraversion Neuroticism Openness to experiences Locus of control
Panel A: All
Offer 0.187 [0.172] 0.132 [0.177] 0.250 [0.169] 0.253 [0.187] 0.057 [0.177] −0.022 [0.189] −0.071 [0.185]
p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.277 0.458 0.139 0.176 0.749 0.909 0.703
Number of observations 376 376 376 376 376 376 376
Panel B: Women
Offer 0.697 [0.240] 0.590 [0.277] 0.548 [0.294] 0.856 [0.334] 0.279 [0.327] 0.444 [0.350] −0.468 [0.344]
No offer group mean −0.316 −0.171 −0.038 −0.378 −0.513 −0.368 0.235
p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.004 0.033 0.062 0.011 0.394 0.205 0.174
Number of observations 111 111 111 111 111 111 111
Panel C: Men
Offer 0.060 [0.207] 0.007 [0.208] 0.176 [0.197] 0.108 [0.205] 0.000 [0.210] −0.085 [0.210] 0.047 [0.212]
No offer group mean 0.110 0.056 0.012 0.123 0.167 0.120 −0.077
p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.771 0.975 0.371 0.598 1.000 0.684 0.827
Number of observations 265 265 265 265 265 265 265

LATE Estimates on Labor Market Outcomes

Dep. Var.: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
Employment Labor market participation Tenure Formal employment Work earnings Wages (in logs)
Panel A: All
Offer 0.056 [0.053] 0.068 [0.043] 5.460 [5.613] 0.066 [0.064] 132.700 [136.9] 0.058 [0.061]
No offer group mean 0.802 0.865 33.008 0.690 1399.135 7.345
p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.291 0.112 0.331 0.304 0.332 0.344
Number of observations 735 735 726 735 731 567
Panel B: Women
Offer 0.295 [0.120] 0.356 [0.104] 22.31 [8.549] 0.481 [0.129] 697.3 [197.2] 0.309 [0.131]
No offer group mean 0.658 0.711 24.711 0.474 873.026 7.055
p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.014 0.001 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.018
Number of observations 237 237 235 237 237 166
Panel C: Men
Offer −0.021 [0.055] −0.033 [0.041] −0.661 [6.758] −0.083 [0.068] −48.630 [172.3] −0.008 [0.069]
No offer group mean 0.864 0.932 36.632 0.784 1626.318 7.445
p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.708 0.424 0.922 0.225 0.778 0.905
Number of observations 498 498 491 498 494 401

Average intent-to-treat Estimates on Standardized Indicators of Non-cognitive Skills

Dep. Var.: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
NC Index Agreeableness Conscientiousness Extraversion Neuroticism Openness to experiences Locus of control
Panel A: All
Offer 0.148 [0.141] 0.062 [0.147] 0.215 [0.143] 0.182 [0.161] 0.014 [0.146] −0.030 [0.157] −0.068 [0.157]
(i) p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.296 0.673 0.133 0.258 0.924 0.847 0.664
(ii) p-value (H0: τITT,i = 0, ∀ i) 0.306 0.335 0.067 0.132 0.467 0.381 0.343
Number of observations 376 364 364 363 364 364 364
Panel B: Women
Offer 0.503 [0.183] 0.360 [0.218] 0.421 [0.241] 0.690 [0.300] 0.251 [0.262] 0.284 [0.304] −0.307 [0.283]
No offer group mean −0.316 −0.171 −0.038 −0.378 −0.513 −0.368 0.235
(i) p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.007 0.102 0.084 0.024 0.341 0.352 0.280
(ii) p-value (H0: τITT,i = 0, ∀ i) 0.028 0.089 0.066 0.009 0.188 0.205 0.138
Number of observations 111 106 106 105 106 106 106
Panel C: Men
Offer 0.0517 [0.188] −0.002 [0.189] 0.183 [0.181] 0.062 [0.189] −0.055 [0.187] −0.082 [0.188] 0.001 [0.195]
No offer group mean 0.110 0.056 0.012 0.123 0.167 0.120 −0.077
(i) p-value (H0: τITT) =0 0.783 0.909 0.313 0.741 0.770 0.665 0.997
(ii) p-value (H0: τITT,i = 0, ∀ i) 0.761 0.466 0.138 0.403 0.401 0.354 0.474
Number of observations 265 258 258 258 258 258 258

Within-Strata Balance Across Treatment Offer Arms, All Interviewed Subscribers by Gender Group

Women Men
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Mean (No offer) Mean (Offer) p-value (w. strata) % Size Number of obs. Mean (No offer) Mean (Offer) p-value (w. strata) % Size Number of obs.
Black, “pardo” or indigenous 0.184 0.256 0.189 39.1% 237 0.216 0.263 0.829 22.0% 498
Age 28.21 (8.24) 22.71 (5.40) 0.109 19.5% 237 26.84 (7.32) 24.33 (6.86) 0.228 −9.3% 498
Mother completed high-school 0.184 0.256 0.909 39.1% 237 0.193 0.259 0.774 34.2% 497
Mother completed tertiary 0.053 0.095 0.974 81.4% 237 0.080 (0.272) 0.088 (0.283) 0.304 10.4% 498
Father completed high-school 0.211 0.266 0.373 26.5% 237 0.239 0.237 0.506 −0.6% 497
Father completed tertiary 0.026 0.040 0.922 52.8% 237 0.057 0.071 0.917 24.5% 498
Concomitant modality 0.237 0.548 0.989 131.3% 237 0.250 0.437 0.064 74.6% 498
N 38 199 88 410
F-stat p-value F-stat p-value
1.062 0.390 0.704 0.669
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