Clinical case of life-threatening co-infection due to Dirofilaria immitis and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in a cat: First report of feline heartworm disease in Bulgaria
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Atkins, C.E., Atwell, R.B., Dillon, A.R., Genchi, C., Hayasaky, M., Holmes, R.A., Knight, D.H., Lukoff, D.K., McCall, J.W., Slocombe, J.O. (1995): Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in cats. In: Soll, M.D., Knight, D.H. (Eds) Proceedings of the heartworm symposium ’95. American Heartworm Society, Batavia, IL, pp. 309–312AtkinsC.E.AtwellR.B.DillonA.R.GenchiC.HayasakyM.HolmesR.A.KnightD.H.LukoffD.K.McCallJ.W.SlocombeJ.O.1995Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in catsInSollM.D.KnightD.H.EdsAmerican Heartworm Society, Batavia, ILpp309312Search in Google Scholar
Atkins, C.E., DeFrancesco, T.C., Coats, J.R., Sidley, J.A., Keene, B.W. (2000): Heartworm infection in cats: 50 cases (1985–1997). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 217(3): 355–358. DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.355AtkinsC.E.DeFrancescoT.C.CoatsJ.R.SidleyJ.A.KeeneB.W.2000Heartworm infection in cats: 50 cases (1985–1997)217335535810.2460/javma.2000.217.35510935039Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Diakou, A., Soubasis, N., Chochlios, T., Oikonomidis, I. L., Tselekis, D., Koutinas, C., Karaiosif, R., Psaralexi, E., Tsouloufi, T. K., Brellou, G., Kritsepi-Konstantinou, M., Rallis, T. (2018): Canine and feline dirofilariosis in a highly enzootic area: first report of feline dirofilariosis in Greece. Parasitol. Res., 118(2): 677–682. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6135-9DiakouA.SoubasisN.ChochliosT.OikonomidisI. L.TselekisD.KoutinasC.KaraiosifR.PsaralexiE.TsouloufiT. K.BrellouG.Kritsepi-KonstantinouM.RallisT.2018Canine and feline dirofilariosis in a highly enzootic area: first report of feline dirofilariosis in Greece118267768210.1007/s00436-018-6135-930397776Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Dillon, R., Warner, A.E., Molina, R.M. (1995): Pulmonary parenchymal changes in dogs and cats after experimental transplantation of dead Dirofilaria immitis. In: Soll, M. D., Knight, D. H. (Eds) Proceedings of the heartworm symposium ’95. American Heart-worm Society, Batavia, IL, pp. 97–101DillonR.WarnerA.E.MolinaR.M.1995Pulmonary parenchymal changes in dogs and cats after experimental transplantation of dead Dirofilaria immitisInSollM. D.KnightD. H.EdsAmerican Heart-worm SocietyBatavia, ILpp97101Search in Google Scholar
Dillon, A.R., Brawner Jr, A.R., Robertson-Plouch, C.K., Guerrero, J. (2000): Feline heartworm disease: correlations of clinical signs, serology, and other diagnostic results of a multicentre study. Vet. Ther., 1(3): 176–182.DillonA.R.Brawner JrA.R.Robertson-PlouchC.K.GuerreroJ.2000Feline heartworm disease: correlations of clinical signs, serology, and other diagnostic results of a multicentre study13176182Search in Google Scholar
Dillon, A.R., Warner, A.E., Brawner, W., Hudson, J., Tillson, M. (2008): Activity of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in cats and dogs with and without Dirofilaria immitisVet. Parasitol., 158: 171–176. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.004DillonA.R.WarnerA.E.BrawnerW.HudsonJ.TillsonM.2008Activity of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in cats and dogs with and without Dirofilaria immitis15817117610.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.00418977090Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Garrity, S., Lee-Fowler, T., Reinero, C. (2019): Feline asthma and heartworm disease: Clinical features, diagnostics and therapeutics. J. Feline Med. Surg., 21(9): 825–834. DOI: 10.1177/1098612X18823348GarrityS.Lee-FowlerT.ReineroC.2019Feline asthma and heartworm disease: Clinical features, diagnostics and therapeutics21982583410.1177/1098612X1882334831446863Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Genchi, M., Ferrari, N., Fonti, P., De Francesco, I., Piazza, C., Viglietti, A. (2014): Relation between Aelurostrongylus abstrusus larvae excretion, respiratory and radiographic signs in naturally infected cats. Vet. Parasitol., 206(3-4): 182–187. DOI: 10.1016/j. vetpar.2014.10.030GenchiM.FerrariN.FontiP.De FrancescoI.PiazzaC.VigliettiA.2014Relation between Aelurostrongylus abstrusus larvae excretion, respiratory and radiographic signs in naturally infected cats2063-418218710.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.03025466621Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Giannelli, A., Capelli, G., Joachim, A., Hinney, B., Losson, B., Kirkova, Z., Rene-Martellet, M., Papadopoulos, E., Farkas, R., Napoli, E., Brianti, E., Tamponi, C., Varcasia, A., Alho, A. M., Carvalho, L. M., Cardoso, L., Maia, C., Mircean, V., Mihalca, A.D., Miro, G., Schnyder, M., Cantacessi, C., Colella, V., Cavalera, M., Latrofa, M.S., Annoscia, G., Knaus, M., Halos, L., Beugnet, F., Otranto, D. (2017): Lungworms and gastrointestinal parasites of domestic cats: a European perspective. Int. J. Parasitol., 47(9): 517–528. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.02.003GiannelliA.CapelliG.JoachimA.HinneyB.LossonB.KirkovaZ.Rene-MartelletM.PapadopoulosE.FarkasR.NapoliE.BriantiE.TamponiC.VarcasiaA.AlhoA. M.CarvalhoL. M.CardosoL.MaiaC.MirceanV.MihalcaA.D.MiroG.SchnyderM.CantacessiC.ColellaV.CavaleraM.LatrofaM.S.AnnosciaG.KnausM.HalosL.BeugnetF.OtrantoD.2017Lungworms and gastrointestinal parasites of domestic cats: a European perspective47951752810.1016/j.ijpara.2017.02.00328455237Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hnilica, K., Patterson, A. (2017): Small Animal Dermatology. 4th Edition, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, Elsevier, pp. 110HnilicaK.PattersonA.2017Louis, Missouri, USAElsevierpp110Search in Google Scholar
Litster, A., Atkins, C., Atwell, R., Buchanan, J. (2005): Radiographic cardiac size in cats and dogs with heartworm disease compared with reference values using the vertebral heart scale method: 53 cases. J. Vet. Cardiol., 7(1): 33–40. DOI: 10.1016/j. jvc.2005.02.002LitsterA.AtkinsC.AtwellR.BuchananJ.2005Radiographic cardiac size in cats and dogs with heartworm disease compared with reference values using the vertebral heart scale method: 53 cases71334010.1016/j.jvc.2005.02.00219083316Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Litster, A.L., Atwell, R.B. (2008): Feline heartworm disease: a clinical review. J. Feline Med. Surg., 10(2): 137–144. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.09.007LitsterA.L.AtwellR.B.2008Feline heartworm disease: a clinical review10213714410.1016/j.jfms.2007.09.00718042416Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Le, A.C., Atkins, C.E. (2010): Understanding feline heartworm infection: disease, diagnosis, and treatment. Top. Companion Anim. Med., 25(4): 224–230. DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.003LeA.C.AtkinsC.E.2010Understanding feline heartworm infection: disease, diagnosis, and treatment25422423010.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.00321147476Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
McCall, J.W. (1998): Dirofilarisis in the domestic ferret. Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract., 13(2): 109–112. DOI: 10.1016/S1096-2867(98)80015-7McCallJ.W.1998Dirofilarisis in the domestic ferret13210911210.1016/S1096-2867(98)80015-79753800Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
McCall, J.W., Genchi, C., Kramer, L.H., Guerero, J., Venco, L. (2008): Heartworm disease in animals and humans. Adv. Parasitol., 66: 193–285. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00204-2McCallJ.W.GenchiC.KramerL.H.GuereroJ.VencoL.2008Heartworm disease in animals and humans6619328510.1016/S0065-308X(08)00204-218486691Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Montoya-Alonso, J.A., Careton, E., Garcia-Guasch, L., Exposito, J., Armario, B., Morchon, R., Simon, F. (2014): First epidemiological report of feline heartworm infection in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain). Parasite Vectors, 7: 506. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0506-6Montoya-AlonsoJ.A.CaretonE.Garcia-GuaschL.ExpositoJ.ArmarioB.MorchonR.SimonF.2014First epidemiological report of feline heartworm infection in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain)750610.1186/s13071-014-0506-6423307625387458Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Montoya-Alonso, J.A., Morchon, R., Falcon-Cordon, Y., Falcon-Cordon, S., Simon, F., Careton, E. (2017): Prevalence of heartworm in dogs and cats of Madrid, Spain. Parasite Vectors, 10(1): 354. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2299-xMontoya-AlonsoJ.A.MorchonR.Falcon-CordonY.Falcon-CordonS.SimonF.CaretonE.2017Prevalence of heartworm in dogs and cats of Madrid, Spain10135410.1186/s13071-017-2299-x553049528747221Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Morchon, R., Careton, E., Gonzalez-Miguel, J., Mellado-Hernandez, I. (2012): Heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and their vectors in Europe – new distribution trends. Front. Physiol., 3: 196. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00196MorchonR.CaretonE.Gonzalez-MiguelJ.Mellado-HernandezI.2012Heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and their vectors in Europe – new distribution trends319610.3389/fphys.2012.00196337294822701433Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Nelson, C.T. (2008): Dirofilaria immitis in cats: diagnosis and management. Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet., 30(7): 393–400NelsonC.T.2008Dirofilaria immitis in cats: diagnosis and management307393400Search in Google Scholar
Pana, D., Radulescu, A., Mitrea, I.L., Ionita, M. (2020): First report on clinical feline heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in Romania. Helminthologia, 57(1): 49–56. DOI: 10.2478/helm-2020-0009 Pennisi, M.G., Hartmann, K., Addie, D.D., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., Gruffyd-Jones, T., Horzinek, M.C., Hosie, M.J., Lloret, A., Lutz, H., Marsilio, F., Radford, A.D., Thiry, E., Truyen, U., Mostl, K. (2015): Lungworm disease in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J. Feline Med. Surg., 17(7): 626–636. DOI: 10.1177/1098612X15588455PanaD.RadulescuA.MitreaI.L.IonitaM.2020First report on clinical feline heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in Romania571495610.2478/helm-2020-0009Pennisi, M.G., Hartmann, K., Addie, D.D., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., Gruffyd-Jones, T., Horzinek, M.C., Hosie, M.J., Lloret, A., Lutz, H., Marsilio, F., Radford, A.D., Thiry, E., Truyen, U., Mostl, K. (2015): Lungworm disease in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J. Feline Med. Surg., 17(7): 626–63610.1177/1098612X15588455699625932063740Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Pennisi, M.G., Tasker, S., Hartmann, K., Belak, S., Addie, D., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Hosie, M., Lloret, A., Marsilio, F., Thiry, E., Truyen, U., Mostl, K. (2020): Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management. J. Feline Med. Surg., 22(5): 442–451. DOI: 10.1177/1098612X20917601PennisiM.G.TaskerS.HartmannK.BelakS.AddieD.Boucraut-BaralonC.EgberinkH.FrymusT.Hofmann-LehmannR.HosieM.LloretA.MarsilioF.ThiryE.TruyenU.MostlK.2020Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management22544245110.1177/1098612X2091760132326862Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Pereira, B.B., Bastos, B.F., Keidel, L., Leles, D., Brener, B. (2018): Feline heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection: first case report of serological diagnosis in Brazil, confirmed by molecular assay. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., 90(2): 2293–2297. DOI: 10.1590/00013765201820170063PereiraB.B.BastosB.F.KeidelL.LelesD.BrenerB.2018Feline heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection: first case report of serological diagnosis in Brazil, confirmed by molecular assay9022293229710.1590/00013765201820170063Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Schnyder, M., Di Cesare, A., Basso, W., Guscetti, F., Riond, B., Glaus, T., Crisi, P., Deplazes, P. (2014): Clinical, laboratory and pathological findings in cats experimentally infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrususParasitol. Res., 113: 1425–1433. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3783-2SchnyderM.Di CesareA.BassoW.GuscettiF.RiondB.GlausT.CrisiP.DeplazesP.2014Clinical, laboratory and pathological findings in cats experimentally infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus1131425143310.1007/s00436-014-3783-224504600Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Snyder, P., Levy, J., Salute, M.E., Gorman, S.P., Kubilis, P.S., Smail, P.W., George, L.L. (2000): Performance of serologic tests used to detect heartworm infection in cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 216(5): 693–700. DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.693SnyderP.LevyJ.SaluteM.E.GormanS.P.KubilisP.S.SmailP.W.GeorgeL.L.2000Performance of serologic tests used to detect heartworm infection in cats216569370010.2460/javma.2000.216.69310707684Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Traversa, D., Di Cesare, A. (2014): Cardio-pulmonary parasitic nematodes affecting cats in Europe: unraveling the past, depicting the present, and predicting the future. Front. Vet. Sci., 1: 11. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2014.00011TraversaD.Di CesareA.2014Cardio-pulmonary parasitic nematodes affecting cats in Europe: unraveling the past, depicting the present, and predicting the future11110.3389/fvets.2014.00011466885326664917Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Venco, L., Genchi, C., Genchi, M., Grandi, G., Kramer, L. H. (2008): Clinical evolution and radiographic findings of feline heartworm infection in asymptomatic cats. Vet. Parasitol., 158(3): 232–237. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.011VencoL.GenchiC.GenchiM.GrandiG.KramerL. H.2008Clinical evolution and radiographic findings of feline heartworm infection in asymptomatic cats158323223710.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.01118952375Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Venco, L., Marchesotti, F., Manzochi, S. (2015): Feline heart-worm disease: a ‘Rubik’s-cube-like’ diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. J. Vet. Cardiol., 17(1): 190–201. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.08.004VencoL.MarchesottiF.ManzochiS.2015Feline heart-worm disease: a ‘Rubik’s-cube-like’ diagnostic and therapeutic challenge17119020110.1016/j.jvc.2015.08.00426776577Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zajac, A., Conboy, G. (2012): Veterinary Clinical Parasitology. 8th Edition, Chichester, UK, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 14–87ZajacA.ConboyG.2012Chichester, UK, Wiley-Blackwellpp1487Search in Google Scholar