Measuring muscle tone with isokinetic dynamometer technique in stroke patients

1. Bhadane M.Y., Gao F., Francisco G.E., Zhou P., Li S. (2015) Correlation of resting elbow angle with spasticity in chronic stroke survivors. Front. Neurol., 26(6,):183.10.3389/fneur.2015.00183Search in Google Scholar

2. Bohannon R.W., Smith M.B. (1987) Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys. The., 67(2): 206-207.10.1093/ptj/67.2.206Search in Google Scholar

3. Cacho R. d. O., Cacho E.W.A., Loureiro A.B., Cirne G.N. d. M., Pereira S.A., Freitas R.P. d. A., Lima N.M.F.V., Borges G. (2017) The spasticity in the motor and functional disability in adults with post-stroke hemiparetic. Fisioterapia em Movimento., 30(4): 745-752.10.1590/1980-5918.030.004.ao09Search in Google Scholar

4. Condliffe E.G., Clark D.J., Patten C. (2005) Reliability of elbow stretch reflex assessment in chronic post-stroke hemiparesis. Clin. Neurophysiol., 116(8): 1870-1878.10.1016/j.clinph.2005.02.030Search in Google Scholar

5. Feigin V.L., Forouzanfar M.H., Krishnamurthi R., Mensah G.A., Connor M., Bennett D.A., Moran A.E., Sacco R.L., Anderson L., Truelsen T., O’Donnell M., Venketasubramanian N., Barker-Collo S., Lawes C.M., Wang W., Shinohara Y., Witt E., Ezzati M., Naghavi M., Murray C. (2014) Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990–2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet., 383(9913): 245-255.10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4Search in Google Scholar

6. Feigin V.L., Lawes C.M., Bennett D.A., Anderson C.S. (2003) Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century. Lancet. Neurol., 2(1): 43-53.10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00266-7Search in Google Scholar

7. Fleuren J.F., Voerman G.E., Erren-Wolters C.V., Snoek G.J., Rietman J.S., Hermens H.J., Nene A.V. (2010) Stop using the Ashworth Scale for the assessment of spasticity. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry., 81(1): 46-52.10.1136/jnnp.2009.17707119770162Search in Google Scholar

8. Foley N., Pereira S., Salter K., Fernandez M.M., Speech-ley M., Sequeira K., Miller T., Teasell R. (2013) Treatment with botulinum toxin improves upper-extremity function post stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 94(5): 977-989.10.1016/j.apmr.2012.12.00623262381Search in Google Scholar

9. Gäverth J., Sandgren M., Lindberg P.G., Forssberg H., Eliasson A.C. (2013). Test-retest and inter-rater reliability of a method to measure wrist and finger spasticity. J. Rehabil. Med., 45(7): 630-636.10.2340/16501977-1160Search in Google Scholar

10. Gholami S., Ansari N.N., Naghdi S., Tabatabaei A., Jannat D., Senobari M., Dadgoo M. (2018) Biomechanical investigation of the modified Tardieu Scale in assessing knee extensor spasticity poststroke. Physiother. Res. Int., 23(1): e1698.10.1002/pri.169829148611Search in Google Scholar

11. Given J., Dewald J., Rymer W. (1995) Joint dependent passive stiffness in paretic and contralateral limbs of spastic patients with hemiparetic stroke. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry., 59(3): 271-279.10.1136/jnnp.59.3.2714860287673955Search in Google Scholar

12. Haugh A., Pandyan A., Johnson G. (2006). A systematic review of the Tardieu Scale for the measurement of spasticity. Disabil. Rehabil., 28(15): 899-907.10.1080/09638280500404305Search in Google Scholar

13. Ju M.S., Chen J.J.J., Lee H.M., Lin T.S., Lin C.C., Huang Y.Z. (2000) Time-course analysis of stretch reflexes in hemiparetic subjects using an on-line spasticity measurement system J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol., 10(1): 1-14.10.1016/S1050-6411(99)00018-8Search in Google Scholar

14. Kamper D.G., Rymer W.Z. (2000) Quantitative features of the stretch response of extrinsic finger muscles in hemiparetic stroke. Muscle. Nerve., 23(6): 954-961.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(200006)23:6<954::AID-MUS17>3.0.CO;2-0Search in Google Scholar

15. Katz R.T., Rymer W.Z. (1989) Spastic hypertonia: mechanisms and measurement. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 70(2): 144-155.Search in Google Scholar

16. Kim D.Y., Park C.I., Chon J.S., Ohn S.H., Park T.H., Bang I.K. (2005) Biomechanical assessment with electromyography of post-stroke ankle plantar flexor spasticity. Yonsei. Med. J., 46(4): 546-554.10.3349/ymj.2005.46.4.546Search in Google Scholar

17. Kuo C.L., Hu G.C. (2018) Post-stroke spasticity: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatments. Int. J. Gerontol., 12(4): 280-284.10.1016/j.ijge.2018.05.005Search in Google Scholar

18. Lance J.W. (1980) The control of muscle tone, reflexes, and movement Robert Wartenbeg Lecture. Neurol., 30(12): 1303-1303.10.1212/WNL.30.12.1303Search in Google Scholar

19. Li S. (2017) Spasticity, motor recovery, and neural plasticity after stroke. Front. Neurol., 8: 120.10.3389/fneur.2017.00120Search in Google Scholar

20. Li S., Francisco G.E. (2015) New insights into the patho-physiology of post-stroke spasticity. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 9: 192.10.3389/fnhum.2015.00192Search in Google Scholar

21. Lim Y.H., Choi E.H., Lim J.Y. (2016) Comparison of effects of botulinum toxin injection between subacute and chronic stroke patients: a pilot study. Medicine., 95(7): e285110.1097/MD.0000000000002851Search in Google Scholar

22. Lindberg P.G., Gäverth J., Islam M., Fagergren A., Borg J., Forssberg H. (2011) Validation of a new biomechanical model to measure muscle tone in spastic muscles. Neurorehabil. Neural. Repair., 25(7): 617-625.10.1177/1545968311403494Search in Google Scholar

23. Mackey A.H., Walt, S.E., Lobb G., Stott N.S. (2004) Intraobserver reliability of the modified Tardieu scale in the upper limb of children with hemiplegia. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 46(4): 267-272.10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00481.xSearch in Google Scholar

24. Malhotra S., Cousins E., Ward A., Day C., Jones P., Roffe C., Pandyan A. (2008) An investigation into the agreement between clinical, biomechanical and neurophysiological measures of spasticity. Clin. Rehabil., 22(12): 1105-1115.10.1177/0269215508095089Search in Google Scholar

25. Malhotra S., Pandyan A., Day C., Jones P., Hermens H. (2009) Spasticity, an impairment that is poorly defined and poorly measured. Clin. Rehabil., 23(7): 651-658.10.1177/0269215508101747Search in Google Scholar

26. Mukherjee M., McPeak L.K., Redford J.B., Sun C., Liu W. (2007) The effect of electro-acupuncture on spasticity of the wrist joint in chronic stroke survivors. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 88(2): 159-166.10.1016/j.apmr.2006.10.034Search in Google Scholar

27. Nakayama H., Jørgensen H.S., Raaschou H.O., Olsen T.S. (1994) Recovery of upper extremity function in stroke patients: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 75(4): 394-398.10.1016/0003-9993(94)90161-9Search in Google Scholar

28. Nam H.S., Koh S., Kim Y.J., Beom J., Lee W.H., Lee S.U., Kim S. (2017). Biomechanical reactions of exoskeleton neurorehabilitation robots in spastic elbows and wrists. IEEE Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng., 25(11): 2196-2203.10.1109/TNSRE.2017.2714203Search in Google Scholar

29. Pandyan A., Johnson G., Price C., Curless R., Barnes M., Rodgers H. (1999) A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales as measures of spasticity. Clin. Rehabil., 13(5): 373-383.10.1191/026921599677595404Search in Google Scholar

30. Patrick E., Ada L. (2006)The Tardieu Scale differentiates contracture from spasticity whereas the Ashworth Scale is confounded by it. Clin. Rehabil., 20(2): 173-182.10.1191/0269215506cr922oaSearch in Google Scholar

31. Phadke C.P., Ismail F., Boulias C. (2015) Current challenges to clinical assessment of spasticity. Int. J. Neurol. Res., 1(1): 1-4.Search in Google Scholar

32. Rossini P.M., Calautti C., Pauri F., Baron J.C. (2003) Post-stroke plastic reorganisation in the adult brain. Lancet. Neurol., 2(8): 493-502.10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00485-XSearch in Google Scholar

33. Schmit B.D., Dewald J.P., Rymer W.Z. (2000). Stretch reflex adaptation in elbow flexors during repeated passive movements in unilateral brain-injured patients. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 81(3): 269-278.10.1016/S0003-9993(00)90070-4Search in Google Scholar

34. Singer B., Dunne J., Singer K., Allison G. (2003) Velocity dependent passive plantarflexor resistive torque in patients with acquired brain injury. Clin. Biomech., 18(2): 157-165.10.1016/S0268-0033(02)00173-0Search in Google Scholar

35. Starsky A.J., Sangani S.G., McGuire J.R., Logan B., Schmit B.D. (2005) Reliability of biomechanical spasticity measurements at the elbow of people poststroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 86(8): 1648-1654.10.1016/j.apmr.2005.03.01516084821Search in Google Scholar

36. Thilmann A., Fellows S., Garms E. (1991) The mechanism of spastic muscle hypertonus: variation in reflex gain over the time course of spasticity. Brain, 114(1): 233-244.Search in Google Scholar

37. Urban P.P., Wolf T., Uebele M., Marx J. r. J., Vogt T., Stoeter P., Bauermann T., Weibrich C., Vucurevic G.D., Schneider A., Wissel J. (2010) Occurence and clinical predictors of spasticity after ischemic stroke. Stroke., 41(9): 2016-2020.10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.58199120705930Search in Google Scholar

38. Ward A. (2002) A summary of spasticity management–a treatment algorithm. Eur. J. Neurol., 9: 48-52.10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.0090s1048.xSearch in Google Scholar

39. Watkins C., Leathley M., Gregson J., Moore A., Smith T., Sharma A. (2002) Prevalence of spasticity post stroke. Clin. Rehabil., 16(5): 515-522.10.1191/0269215502cr512oa12194622Search in Google Scholar

40. Wu Y.N., Ren Y., Goldsmith A., Gaebler D., Liu S.Q., Zhang L.Q. (2010) Characterization of spasticity in cerebral palsy: dependence of catch angle on velocity. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol., 52(6): 563-569.10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03602.xSearch in Google Scholar