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A contrastive study on the production of double vowels in Mandarin

Kai Yu
Kai Yu
 y 
Gulnur Arkin
Gulnur Arkin
   | 08 abr 2022
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Publicado en línea: 08 abr 2022
Páginas: 655 - 664
Recibido: 28 mar 2021
Aceptado: 27 sept 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amns.2022.1.00006
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© 2022 Kai Yu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Flow chart of the experiment.
Flow chart of the experiment.

Fig. 2

Acoustic vowel map of premonitory vowels for learners with primary level and standard speakers.
Acoustic vowel map of premonitory vowels for learners with primary level and standard speakers.

Fig. 3

Acoustic vowel map of post-sound vowels for learners with primary level and standard speakers.
Acoustic vowel map of post-sound vowels for learners with primary level and standard speakers.

Fig. 4

Vowel chart of front vowel acoustics for intermediate level learners and standard speakers.
Vowel chart of front vowel acoustics for intermediate level learners and standard speakers.

Fig. 5

Vowel chart of back vowel acoustics for intermediate level learners and standard speakers.
Vowel chart of back vowel acoustics for intermediate level learners and standard speakers.

Fig. 6

Vowel chart of front vowel acoustics for advanced level learners and standard speakers.
Vowel chart of front vowel acoustics for advanced level learners and standard speakers.

Fig. 7

Vowel chart of back vowel acoustics for advanced level learners and standard speakers.
Vowel chart of back vowel acoustics for advanced level learners and standard speakers.

Euclidean distance between the primary level learner and the standard speaker.

Female Initial Ending Male Initial Ending
[ai] 0.72 1.13 [ai] 1.21 0.44
[ei] 0.92 1.15 [ei] 0.82 0.21
[ao] 0.71 0.39 [ao] 0.94 0.28
[ou] 0.61 0.67 [ou] 1.25 0.72
[ia] 0.68 0.79 [ia] 0.39 0.58
[ie] 0.88 0.01 [ie] 0.31 1.33
[ua] 2.04 1.12 [ua] 1.81 0.62
[uo] 0.42 0.45 [uo] 1.18 1.02
[üe] 0.68 0.76 [üe] 0.25 0.33

Details of subjects’ grouping.

Grouping of subjects Number of subjects MHK results Proficiency
Primary level group 10 Class III B Beginner
Intermediate level group 10 Grade 3A Intermediate
Advanced level group 10 Grade 4A Advanced
Standard group (reference group) 10 – Standard

Euclidean distance between intermediate learners and standard speakers.

Female Initial Ending Male Initial Ending
[ai] 0.83 1.36 [ai] 1.22 1.01
[ei] 0.51 0.61 [ei] 0.87 0.31
[ao] 0.93 0.27 [ao] 0.72 0.83
[ou] 0.52 0.39 [ou] 1.11 0.23
[ia] 1.30 0.63 [ia] 0.26 0.62
[ie] 0.54 0.37 [ie] 0.29 1.46
[ua] 2.96 1.41 [ua] 1.93 0.68
[uo] 0.21 0.62 [uo] 1.21 0.87
[üe] 0.40 0.19 [üe] 0.67 1.07

Euclidean distance between advanced level learners and standard speakers.

Female Initial Ending Male Initial Ending
[ai] 1.02 1.52 [ai] 1.27 0.84
[ei] 0.65 0.91 [ei] 0.84 0.85
[ao] 1.01 0.53 [ao] 1.02 1.98
[ou] 0.57 0.64 [ou] 1.09 0.58
[ia] 0.98 0.62 [ia] 0.95 0.99
[ie] 0.52 0.80 [ie] 0.93 0.83
[ua] 2.17 1.35 [ua] 2.56 1.16
[uo] 0.36 0.68 [uo] 1.43 1.27
[üe] 0.38 0.70 [üe] 0.91 0.34
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