With the continuous development of listed companies in China, the management level of listed companies has been significantly improved. [1, 2] At present, China’s capital market is still in the emerging capital market, and there are some problems, such as great volatility, strong investment and inadequate supervision, which make the financial risks seriously affect the stable development of listed companies. In the aspect of financial risk early warning indicators, with the continuous development of economy, managers’ demand for financial early warning information is increasing day by day. [3] Nowadays, the research on financial risk early warning of listed companies begins to gradually introduce non-financial factors and cash flow factors to improve the selection limitations of traditional financial indicators, so as to establish a more perfect index system and improve the prediction accuracy. [4] In addition, although the categories of selected indicators are becoming more and more perfect, it is still difficult to combine with different characteristics of various industries for analysis. At present, the Exchange has announced that it will make special treatment (ST) for the stock trading of listed companies with abnormal financial status. It is of great significance for the healthy and stable operation and development of the company to analyze the public financial indicators of listed companies through the random effect model to predict the financial risks, take into account the corporate governance, strategy, internal control and other factors, eliminate the limitations, and identify and remedy the problems in financial management in time. [5]
Multivariate linear model refers to a linear model with multiple dependent variables and multiple independent variables. [6] Random effect model refers to the regression coefficient of fixed effect model as a random variable, which is usually assumed to originate from normal distribution and is mainly used to analyze group level effect, individual effect and observation level effect. This time, the random effect model is used to measure the financial risk level of listed companies. [7]
The multivariate equilibrium random effect model is established as follows:
Where
Where, the probability distribution
Among them,
When the parameter
Although the random effect model is a kind of generalized linear model, it considers the original fixed regression coefficient as random. The model includes error term
This expression is different from the generalized estimation equation, that is, it is a function of the explanatory variable
The model assumes the following:
That is, the error components are not correlated with each other, which can be obtained from the above assumptions:
Where,
The random effects model can be composed of formulas (6), (7) and (8). If
Logistic regression mainly deals with data in which the response variable is two variables, such as data in which two attributes exist, and usually the response variable is assigned a value of 0 or 1. Assuming that there are
The regression model is transformed by logit, and the linear form is as follows:
The quasi-likelihood method is used for calculation. It is assumed that there are individuals in total, is the observed value of the individual, is covariables, and. The function expression of response variable mean value on explanatory variable is established as follows:
The quasi-likelihood method is used for calculation. It is assumed that there are
The variance of the response variable can be expressed as a mean function:
The likelihood score equation obtained from maximum likelihood estimation is as follows:
While
The distribution of random effect
In this paper, according to the principle of sample selection, the time period is 2018–2019, and the selected objects are listed companies listed in A shares and specially treated for the first time. In order to verify the validity of the above analysis model and the credibility of the analysis method, the financial evaluation factors of listed companies are summarized in Table 1. [8] The historical financial data in the past two years were obtained through the Financial Association, and the selected objects were listed companies listed in A shares and specially treated for the first time, with 56 selected companies. In view of the fact that the model based on longitudinal data needs the financial indicators of all samples in 2 years, it is necessary to clean the sample data. In this paper, missing data is not considered, and this part of samples is eliminated directly. After data cleaning, the final sample size of ST Company is 50pcs. 50pcs samples were randomly selected from healthy listed companies, which were used as matching samples, and the selected samples of listed companies were not displayed.
Financial evaluation factors of listed companies.
Financial evaluation factors of listed companies |
Net cash flow from operating activities |
Retained profits |
Provision for information loss |
Depreciation and amortization |
Deferred income tax expense (revenue) |
Investment loss (gain) |
Investment/asset impairment charges |
Amortization of debt and issuance costs |
Gain (loss) from business disposal |
Stock-based compensation |
Accounts receivable |
Loans |
Inventory |
Prepaid expenses |
Payables |
Income tax payable |
Accrued liabilities |
Other working capital |
Other non-cash items |
Other assets and liabilities |
Other business activities |
Net cash flow from investment activities |
Fixed-asset investment |
Purchase |
Acquisition and disposal |
Property and equipment |
Purchase of investment assets |
Debt/sales investment |
Purchase of intangible assets |
Other investment activities |
Net cash flow from financing activities |
Cash flow from financing activities |
Long term bond issue |
Long term bond repayment |
Bond issue |
Bond redemption |
Common Stock issue |
Common stock repurchase |
Stock repurchase |
Change in short-term borrowing |
Dividend payments |
Other financial activities |
The impact of exchange rate movements |
Change in net cash |
Operating cash flow |
Capital expenditure |
Free cash flow |
Initial cash flow |
Ending cash flow |
In the vertical data analysis model, this paper uses the data of ST company and health company in each year from 2018 to 2019, and the sample size changes from 100 to 400. The explanatory variables were selected and the data delayed by two years were used. By forecasting the financial crisis of 2020–2021, the financial ratio data of 2018–2019 is used. Using 30 financial indicators with the same financial evaluation factors of listed companies, we do factor analysis and fit factor scores to generalized estimation equation and random effect model. Finally, we compare the two results. Among them, the model response variable assignment rule is that if the company falls into financial crisis in X year, then:
The financial crisis of an enterprise is a dynamic process, which is usually related to the state of the same company in different years. If the company’s financial situation is relatively poor in the previous year, there will be a high probability of financial crisis in the next year. The generalized estimation equation can select a variety of working correlation matrices when estimating coefficients, and in practical application, the correlation matrix can be selected by criteria. Because the correlation coefficients between different observations of the same individual are fixed in the random effect model in this paper, the generalized estimation equation is chosen to exchange correlation structures. In view of the fact that the corresponding variables are binary variables, the model connection function is logit function, and the estimated results are shown in Table 2. The regression equation of the estimated results is as follows:
Estimation results of generalized estimation equation.
Estimate | Std. Error | Wald | Pr(>|W|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | −1.4170 | 0.2233 | 40.277 | 0.0000 | *** |
Factor l | 3.0746 | 0.6937 | 19.641 | 0.0000 | *** |
Factor 2 | −0.9254 | 0.3002 | 9.500 | 0.0021 | ** |
Factor 3 | −0.3116 | 0.2683 | 1.349 | 0.2455 | |
Factor 4 | 0.3442 | 0.1998 | 2.966 | 0.0851 | . |
Factor 5 | 0.5249 | 0.2064 | 6.469 | 0.0110 | * |
In the model, only the coefficient of factor 3 is not significant. On factor 1, factor 2, factor 3 and factor 5, the symbol of the coefficient estimated by the model is consistent with the symbol of the logistic regression coefficient, and is consistent with the logistic regression interpretation. According to the model, the coefficient of the work correlation matrix is estimated to be 0.203, which shows that the measured values of the same individual at different times are correlated, and the data results show that the response variables at different time points have little correlation. See Table 3 for the prediction results obtained by bringing the sample data into the model. From the prediction results, it can be known that the prediction accuracy of financial crisis companies calculated by using the generalized estimation equation reaches 92%. Health companies have no prediction errors. [9, 10, 11, 12, 13]
Prediction results of generalized estimation equation.
Actual value | Predicted value | Accuracy rate | |
---|---|---|---|
ST | Non ST | ||
ST | 46 | 4 | 92% |
Non ST | 1 | 49 | 98% |
The intercept of each sample in the random effect model is random and different, which means that the number of estimation equations is the same as the number of samples. The random effect model results are divided into three parts, namely, the random influence coefficient of each sample, the estimated intercept term of the model and the variable regression coefficient. The general model fitting results are expressed as follows:
Where,
Estimation results of random effect model.
Estimate | Std. Error | Z value | Pr(>|z|) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | −2.714 | 0.754 | −3.60 | 0.0003 | *** |
Factor l | 5.643 | 1.386 | 4.07 | 0.0000 | *** |
Factor 2 | −2.289 | 0.883 | −2.59 | 0.0095 | ** |
Factor 3 | −1.383 | 0.752 | −1.84 | 0.0661 | . |
Factor 4 | 0.491 | 0.465 | 1.06 | 0.2908 | |
Factor 5 | 1.350 | 0.521 | 2.59 | 0.0096 | ** |
Prediction results of random effect model.
Actual value | Predicted value | Accuracy rate | |
---|---|---|---|
ST | Non ST | ||
ST | 47 | 3 | 94% |
Non ST | 1 | 49 | 98% |
The prediction accuracy of financial crisis companies obtained by random effect model is high, and it is 94%. Among them, the prediction accuracy of health companies by random effect model is the same as that by generalized estimation equation, and the prediction of financial crisis is more accurate, that is, both models estimate that the financial crisis of listed companies is positively correlated with factors 1, 4 and 5, and negatively correlated with factors 2 and 3. The results show that the random effect model is more accurate in predicting financial crisis companies. Because the longitudinal data model refers to the time factor, the random effect model can predict the probability of financial crisis in 2018–2019 at the same time, thus expanding the prediction range. According to the characteristics of each sample, the random effect model is modeled separately, and the prediction accuracy of financial crisis companies and healthy companies is 94% and 98%. It can be seen that the calculated accuracy is high. In view of the differences in company size and internal and external environments, it is more meaningful to model each company separately. Therefore, the stochastic effect model is more suitable for predicting the financial crisis of listed companies.
In this paper, a financial risk analysis model of listed companies based on random effect model is proposed, and the financial risk analysis model of listed companies is constructed based on this algorithm. The effectiveness of the method is simulated with a case study. The research results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the method, which is helpful to the early warning management of financial risks of enterprises and improve the financial management level.