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Microbially-Produced Organic Acids as Leaching Agents for Metal Recovery Processes

Itzel A. Cruz-Rodríguez
Itzel A. Cruz-Rodríguez
, 
Norma G. Rojas-Avelizapa
Norma G. Rojas-Avelizapa
 y 
Andrea M. Rivas-Castillo
Andrea M. Rivas-Castillo
   | 30 nov 2022
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Publicado en línea: 30 nov 2022
Páginas: 179 - 190
Recibido: 01 dic 2021
Aceptado: 01 jul 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/am-2022-019
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© 2022 Itzel A. Cruz-Rodríguez et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Published articles from 2017 to 2021 related to bioleaching with OAData was taken from Clarivate Analytics in 2021; keywords used for this search were organic acids, bioleaching, metal recovery, and fungi.
Published articles from 2017 to 2021 related to bioleaching with OAData was taken from Clarivate Analytics in 2021; keywords used for this search were organic acids, bioleaching, metal recovery, and fungi.

Fig. 2

Acidolysis and complexolysis mechanisms during metal extraction processes
Acidolysis and complexolysis mechanisms during metal extraction processes

Reactions involved in acidolysis and complexolysis mechanisms for metal recovery

Organic acid Acidolysis reactions pKa Complexolysis reactions
Gluconic C6H12O7 → C6H11O−7 + H+ 3.86 n[C6H11O−7] + Mn+ → M[C6H11O7]n
Oxalic

C2H2O4 → C2HO−4 + H+

C2HO−4 → C2O42− + H+

 1.254.14

n[C2HO4−] + Mn+ → M[C2HO4]n

n[C2O42−] + Mn+ → M2[C2O4]n
Malic

C4H6O5 → C4H5O5− + H+

C4H5O5− → C4H4O52− + H+

 3.405.11

n[C4H5O5−] + Mn+ → M[C4H5O5]n

n[C4H5O52−] + Mn+ → M2[C4H4O5]n
Citric

C6H8O7 → C6H7O7− + H+

C6H7O7− → C6H6O72− + H+

C6H6O72− → C6H5O73− + H+

 3.094.756.40

n[C6H7O7−] + Mn+ → M[C6H7O7]n

n[C6H6O72−] + Mn+ → M2[C6H6O7]n

n[C6H5O73−] + Mn+ → M3[C6H5O7]n

Bioleaching at laboratory scale for metal recovery from industrial wastes using OA-producing microorganisms

Microorganisms Leaching agent (mg/L) Temperature (°C) Time (days) RPM Pulp density % (w/v) Recovery (%) References
Mixed fungal cultures: Purpureocillium lilacinum (71.9%) and Aspergillus niger (27.9%) were dominant species. Others (0.2%) include: Pseudallescheria sp., Malassezia obtuse, Tomentella sp., Davidiellaceae sp., Talaromyces sp., Fungi sp., Herpotrichiellaceae sp., Meyerozyma guilliermondii Wickerhamomyces anomalus, and Malassezia furfur. Oxalic 1022.4Citric 5533.2 30Gluconic 894.6 30 27 300 8 56.1 Cu15.7 Al20.5 Pb49.5 Zn8.1 Sn [93]
Aspergillus niger Citric 8131, 8064Oxalic 1095, 973Malic 1212, 1086Gluconic 2065, 2153 Room temperature 21 120 0.092 98.57 Zn43.95 Ni64.03 Cu [94]
Aspergillus niger Less than 14000 of gluconic acid, less than 4000 of citric and oxalic acid, less than 3000 of malic acid 30 30 130 1 100 Li94 Cu72 Mn62 Al45 Ni38 Co [11]
Penicillium simplicissimum Citric 5237Gluconic 3666Oxalic 1287Malic 188 30 15 130 1 100 V40 Ni [76]
Kombucha-consortium(the bacterium Komagataeibacter hansenii, and the yeast Zygosaccharomyces lentus) Gluconic 25500Acetic 9608 Room temperature 14 300 2.8 (stationary bioleaching) 5.2 of REE* [44]
(shaken-mode bioleaching) 7.9 of REE
Aspergillus niger Oxalic 17185Gluconic 4539Citric 1042Malic 502 60 7 130 9 83 V30 Ni [75]
Aspergillus niger Gluconic 2126Malic 1251Oxalic 1170Citric 8078 30 30 130 2 69.8 Al60.0 Ti25.4 Fe [89]

Comparison of the reported characteristics of organic and inorganic acids in leaching processes

Organic acids (OA) Inorganic acids (IA) References
Less emission of hazardous gases High emission of sulfur, chloride, and nitrous oxides [35]
Serve for soil nutrient acquisition, mineral weathering Can lead to high consumption either of water or chemicals [29]
Less risky manipulation during the process. Risky manipulation during the process. [82]
Biodegradable Non-biodegradable [20, 35]
Delay the corrosion of equipment Cause prompt corrosion of equipment [82]
Can be used more than once in metal recovery processes Cannot be reused in metal recovery processes [35]
Are costlier than IA, but the process is considered cost-effective due to the environmental impact Have low cost, but the process is not considered cost-effective due to environmental impact [37]
Solely act as leaching agents; hence, separation nd purification are still needed Solely act as leaching agents; hence, separation and purification are still needed [35]

Bioleaching at laboratory scale for metal recovery from ores using OA-producing microorganisms

Microorganisms Leaching agent (mM) Temperature (°C) Time (days) RPM Pulp density (% w/v) Recovery (%) References
Enterobacter Aerogenes Mixture of malic, gluconic and acetic acids < 18 for both direct and indirect bioleaching 30 18 120 1 (direct bioleaching)2.55 Ce0.57 La0.36 Nd [30]
2 (indirect bioleaching)0.66 Ce0.16 La0.12 Nd
Aspergillus sp. Non-characterized supernatant 37 20 150 2 79 Mn [65]

Bioleaching at laboratory scale for metal recovery from catalysts using OA-producing microorganisms

Microorganisms Leaching agent (mM) Temperature (°C) Time (days) RPM Pulp density (% w/v) Recovery (%) References
Gluconobacter oxydans Gluconic < 30 30 1 150 1.5 RPP* maximum 2% of REE** [77]
FCC*** catalyst 49% of total REE
Alternaria alternata Not reported 30 2 150 1 8285.3 mg/kg V6662.0 mg/kg Al4973.8 mg/kg Si3990.2 mg/kg Mo177.7 mg/kg Mg118.2 mg/kg Fe [81]
5 29.9 mg/kg As9872.7 mg/kg Al6839.0 mg/kg Si2115.8 mg/kg Mo1903.0 mg/kg V279.6 mg/kg Mg
Aspergillus niger Citric and Gluconic < 98 30 60 130 1 3% La [66]
3 52% La
5 33% La
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