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Genotoxicity of aluminium oxide, iron oxide, and copper nanoparticles in mouse bone marrow cells

Rakhshinda Sadiq
Rakhshinda Sadiq
, 
Qaiser Mahmood Khan
Qaiser Mahmood Khan
, 
Ameena Mobeen
Ameena Mobeen
 y 
Asma Shah
Asma Shah
   | 30 dic 2021
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Article Category: Original article
Publicado en línea: 30 dic 2021
Páginas: 315 - 325
Recibido: 01 jul 2021
Aceptado: 01 nov 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3578
© 2021 Heinz-Elmar Tenorth, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Reticulocyte micronucleus frequency (%MN-RETs) in mice treated with Fe2O3 or Al2O3 nanoparticles and a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC). * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control (0)
Reticulocyte micronucleus frequency (%MN-RETs) in mice treated with Fe2O3 or Al2O3 nanoparticles and a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC). * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control (0)

Figure 2

Reticulocyte micronucleus frequency (%MN-RETs) in mice treated with Cu nanoparticles and a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC). * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control (0)
Reticulocyte micronucleus frequency (%MN-RETs) in mice treated with Cu nanoparticles and a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC). * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control (0)

Figure 3

Reticulocyte frequency (%RETs) in mice treated with Fe2O3 or Al2O3 nanoparticles and a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC). *significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control (0)
Reticulocyte frequency (%RETs) in mice treated with Fe2O3 or Al2O3 nanoparticles and a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC). *significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control (0)

Figure 4

Reticulocyte frequency (%RET) in mice treated with Cu nanoparticles and a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC). *significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control (0)
Reticulocyte frequency (%RET) in mice treated with Cu nanoparticles and a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC). *significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control (0)

Figure 5

DNA damage induced by Al2O3 nanoparticles in mice bone marrow measured by the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control. EndoIII – endonuclease III-modified comet assay; hOGG1 – human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase-modified comet assay; MMS – methyl methanesulphonate. Note: the reason for low hOGG1 findings with MMS is that it cannot detect alkylating damage caused by it (43)
DNA damage induced by Al2O3 nanoparticles in mice bone marrow measured by the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control. EndoIII – endonuclease III-modified comet assay; hOGG1 – human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase-modified comet assay; MMS – methyl methanesulphonate. Note: the reason for low hOGG1 findings with MMS is that it cannot detect alkylating damage caused by it (43)

Figure 6

DNA damage induced by Fe2O3 nanoparticles in mice bone marrow measured by the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control. EndoIII – endonuclease III-modified comet assay; hOGG1 – human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase-modified comet assay; MMS – methyl methanesulphonate. Note: the reason for low hOGG1 findings with MMS is that it cannot detect alkylating damage caused by it (43)
DNA damage induced by Fe2O3 nanoparticles in mice bone marrow measured by the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control. EndoIII – endonuclease III-modified comet assay; hOGG1 – human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase-modified comet assay; MMS – methyl methanesulphonate. Note: the reason for low hOGG1 findings with MMS is that it cannot detect alkylating damage caused by it (43)

Figure 7

DNA damage induced by Cu nanoparticles in mice bone marrow measured by the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control. EndoIII – endonuclease III-modified comet assay; hOGG1 – human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase-modified comet assay; MMS – methyl methanesulphonate. Note: the reason for low hOGG1 findings with MMS is that it cannot detect alkylating damage caused by it (43)
DNA damage induced by Cu nanoparticles in mice bone marrow measured by the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control. EndoIII – endonuclease III-modified comet assay; hOGG1 – human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase-modified comet assay; MMS – methyl methanesulphonate. Note: the reason for low hOGG1 findings with MMS is that it cannot detect alkylating damage caused by it (43)

Chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of male BALB/c mice treated with Fe2O3, Al2O3 and Cu nanoparticles

Group Dose (mg/kg) No. of analysed metaphases Chromosomal aberrations TA/500 cells CA/cell Mean ± SD
CtB ChB CtG ChG
Fe2O3 nanoparticles
NC 0 500 18 13 14 15 60 0.120±0.026
PC 2 500 106 35 104 60 305 0.610±0.081*
1 75 500 21 10 35 15 89 0.178±0.057
2 150 500 20 12 38 10 86 0.172±0.023
3 300 500 27 09 40 16 92 0.184±0.029
Al2O3 nanoparticles
NC 0 500 14 16 11 17 58 0.116±0.019
PC 2 500 102 41 115 53 311 0.622±0.147*
1 75 500 20 13 38 12 83 0.166±0.081
2 150 500 15 10 43 10 79 0.158±0.046
3 300 500 19 14 40 11 89 0.168±0.039
Cu nanoparticles
NC 0 500 15 12 18 16 61 0.12 ±0.037
PC 2 500 98 35 110 61 304 0.608±0.081*
1 5 500 20 13 22 15 70 0.140±0.054
2 10 500 19 14 20 16 69 0.138±0.048
3 15 500 50 26 68 41 185 0.370±0.076*

The experimental design for the genotoxicity assessment of Al2O3, Fe2O3, and Cu nanoparticles using male BALB/c mice

Nanoparticles Genotoxicity assay No of animals Groups Dose (mg/kg)
Al2A3 Chromosomal aberration 15=3 per group NC 0
1 75
2 150
3 300
MMC (PC) 2
Micronucleus assay 15=3 per group NC 0
1 75
2 150
3 300
MMC (PC) 2
Comet assay 15=3 per group NC 0
1 75
2 150
3 300
MMS (PC) 100
Fe2O3 Chromosomal aberration 15=3 per group NC 0
1 75
2 150
3 300
MMC (PC) 2
Micronucleus assay 15=3 per group NC 0
1 75
2 150
3 300
MMC (PC) 2
Comet assay 15=3 per group NC 0
1 75
2 150
3 300
MMS (PC) 100
Cu Chromosomal aberration 15=3 per group NC 0
1 5
2 10
3 15
MMC (PC) 2
Micronucleus assay 15=3 per group NC 0
1 5
2 10
3 15
MMC (PC) 2
Comet assay 15=3 per group NC 0
1 5
2 10
3 15
MMS (PC) 100

Mitotic index in bone marrow cells of male BALB/c mice treated with Fe2O3, Al2O3, and Cu nanoparticles

Group Dose (mg/kg) No. of analysed metaphases No. of mitotic cells Mitotic index (%)
Fe2O3 nanoparticles
NC 0 5000 409 8.180±0.540
PC 2 5000 61 1.220±0.259*
1 75 5000 399 7.980±0.370
2 150 5000 395 7.900±0.709
3 300 5000 401 8.080±1.180
Al2O3 nanoparticles
NC 0 5000 417 8.340±0.351
PC 2 5000 58 1.160±0.288*
1 75 5000 403 8.060±0.517
2 150 5000 409 8.180±0.687
3 300 5000 399 7.980±0.991
Cu nanoparticles
NC 0 5000 411 8.220±0.277
PC 2 5000 54 1.080±0.238*
1 5 5000 406 8.120±0.868
2 10 5000 399 7.980±0.673
3 15 5000 309 6.180±0.802*
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