In the recent years, a significant scientific effort is devoted to the research regarding stem cells. This is a result of major hopes that such studies may result in crucial improvements to the management and treatment of a range of diseases, as well as the development of new technologies from the field of regenerative and reconstructive medicine. The applications of stem cells in medicine in biotechnology seem almost endless, from cell-based therapies for degenerative and dystrophic conditions, through novel approaches to cancer treatment, to
However, there are still several challenges that need to be overcame before stem cells therapies can be successfully introduced worldwide on a large scale. These include sourcing of stem cells, preventing their aberrant progression and ethical concerns regarding their use in animals and humans. The latter is especially important, as societal fears that might arise from the lack of discussion of potential ethical limitations of such approaches might result in slowing down or impeding their introduction on a wider scale [2].
Hence, this review briefly summarizes and discusses the ethical concerns attached to three different groups of stem cells with the most clinical potential and scientific focus: embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) and adult stem cells [3].
Embryonic stem cells, first described in a laboratory experiment based on mouse embryos in 1981, have since been associated with a significant amount of controversies [1]. Due to the almost highest possible degree of plasticity (pluripotency), they are potentially able to form any type of lineage found in developing and adult human organism when properly induced [4]. Due to this property, the scientific community is vocal about the fact that this type of stem cells shows the biggest promise in treatment of a range of neurological and degenerative diseases, such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease [5]. However, as the current knowledge of embryonic stem cells deems it unlikely to use animal sourced material in human therapy, the ESCs would need to be sourced from human embryos [6]. This poses a significant barrier to their use for several reasons. Firstly, as the inner cell mass (the source of ESCs) is present and accessible in early embryogenesis, the sourcing of these stem cells would need to be performed on
Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) pose significant advantages over ESCs, mostly related to the ethical aspects of embryo culture and manipulation [8]. They are a pluripotent stem cell type which can be generated in
Adult stem cells are crucial to the functioning of the adult organism, facilitating cell turnover, as well as functioning and regeneration of a range of tissues. They are the only stem cell type readily available in humans in the post-birth period [15]. Hence, adult stem cells gain increasing attention of the scientific community and are indicated as an almost perfect source of cells for the fields of reconstructive and regenerative medicine. While there are several types of those cells, the group that is most used and investigated in a clinical setting is known as mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). MSCs can be derived from multiple sources, with those sourced from the bone marrow already a basis of commonly used therapies for diseases such as leukemia or lymphoma [16]. However, obtaining of these cells is often associated with relatively invasive aspiration procedures, which prompts the search for alternative MSC sources. In the recent years, a significant attention is dedicated to adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), which can be relatively easily isolated from fat tissue obtained through liposuction. While such approach is certainly less invasive than bone marrow aspiration, it needs to be noted that it is still based on a minor surgical procedure [17]. Further challenges related to the use of MSCs concern mostly their limited plasticity. Adult stem cells are multipotent, only being able to differentiate into a narrow range of lineages related to the tissue of origin [18]. Therefore, they can theoretically only be used to repair damage related to their niche. While some of them, including MSCs, can be forced to assume unrelated characteristic with the use of differentiation factors, there are other concerns associated with this approach. These mostly concern the incomplete knowledge of all the molecular mechanisms regulating the proliferation, functioning and differentiation of stem cells, which brings uncertainty about the extent of their dedication to the lineage assumed. A lack of full commitment to the target cellular identity could potentially cause lack of therapeutic effects, as well as even adverse side effects associated with the presence of abnormal cells in the location of the transplant [19]. Hence, while adult stem cells are certainly considered to be the future of modern medicine, there are several obstacles that need to be overcome before there wide scale introduction into the common clinical practice, mostly regarding the molecular mechanisms of the processes associated with their proliferation and differentiation. The cells described in this manuscript, as well as the processes of their isolation and differentiation, were presented on
There is no doubt that the discovery of stem cells is a major turning point in modern medicine, and they will continue to expand their foothold into new areas of clinical practice. However, there are several challenges that need to be overcome first, including the choice of the perfect source of stem cells, full elucidation of the mechanisms of stem cell differentiation and plasticity, and minimization of adverse side effect potential. Nonetheless, the focus of the scientific community on the topic of stem cells remains unhindered, bringing hope that all of the possible concerns will be addressed in the future.