| Mothers who did not smoke when twins were 3+ years (n=922) (%) | Mothers who smoked when twins were 3+ years (n=661) (%) |
---|---|---|
|
| |
African American | 10.4 | 14.1 Significant at |
Mother married to biological father at interview | 70.1 | 48.0 Significant at |
Mother’s education |
|
|
Less than high school degree | 4.4 | 15.8 Significant at |
High school degree, no college | 35.4 | 45.2 Significant at |
Some college | 29.6 | 29.6 |
College degree or higher | 30.7 | 9.6 Significant at |
Household income <$50,000 | 49.3 | 71.7 Significant at |
|
| |
Lifetime |
|
|
Never | 35.5 | --- |
<100 lifetime | 49.0 | --- |
100+ but quit before twins were born | 11.0 | --- |
100+ but quit when twins were <3 years | 4.6 | --- |
100+ and smoked when twins were 3+ years Includes N=49 mothers who quit when twins were 3–6 years, N=86 who quit when twins were 7+ years, and N=526 who never quit. | – | 100 |
Smoking during pregnancy (of 100+ lifetime smokers; n=127 who did not smoke and n=637 who smoked when the twins were 3+ years) |
|
|
None | 71.7 | 18.5 Significant at |
Smoked during part of pregnancy (1 week to 8 months) | 22.8 | 34.2 Significant at |
Smoked for >8 months of pregnancy | 5.5 | 47.3 Significant at |
|
| |
Mother self-reported childhood inattention | 4.9 | 9.7 Significant at |
Mother self-reported childhood hyperactivity | 2.8 | 4.7 Significant at |
Mother self-reported lifetime depression | 26.8 | 40.0 Significant at |
Mother self-reported 3+ alcohol-dependence symptoms lifetime | 3.0 | 7.6 Significant at |
Mother reported biological father was a problem drinker (lifetime) | 23.2 | 41.5 Significant at |
Mother reported twin DSM-IV inattention (in 3000 twins) A total of 1418 mothers reporting on complete pairs and 164 reporting on only one member of a twin pair; 6+ of 9 DSM-IV inattention symptoms, for 6+ months, before the age of 7, with impairment (causing problems at home or school, or consulted a health professional about problems). | 4.5 | 6.6 |
Mother reported twin DSM-IV hyperactivity (in 2998 twins) A total of 1417 mothers reporting on pairs and 164 reporting on only one member of a twin pair; 6+ of 9 DSM-IV hyperactive symptoms, for 6+ months, before age 7, with impairment (causing problems at home or school, or consulted a health professional about problems). | 1.0 | 4.0 Significant at |
Mother reported twin DSM-IV ODD (in 2988 twins) As reported by 1580 mothers, with 1408 mothers reporting on pairs and 172 reporting on only one member of a twin pair); 4+ of 8 DSM-IV ODD, for 6+ months, at any age, with impairment (causing problems at home or school, or consulted a health professional about problems). | 8.5 | 16.8 Significant at |
|
| |
Mother reported hitting twin with a “belt or stick or something like that”, “sometimes” or “often” | 5.2 | 7.6 |
Mother reported being more strict than most parents | 51.0 | 49.0 |
Mother reported “often” being interested in the twins’ friends and activities | 94.3 | 87.0 Significant at |
Mother reported being “very close” to the twins | 92.6 | 84.7 Significant at |
Mother reported arguing “often” with the twins | 7.4 | 12.9 Significant at |
Mother reported the coparent hitting twin with a “belt or stick or something like that”, “sometimes” or “often” N=1264 mothers with a coparent. | 3.0 | 4.5 |
Twin report of childhood physical and sexual abuse | Twins whose mother did not smoke when they were 3+ years of age (n=1762) | Twins whose mother smoked when they were 3+ years of age (n=1239) |
Twin-reported childhood physical abuse | 16.1 | 23.6 Significant at |
Twin-reported childhood sexual abuse | 7.7 | 14.7 Significant at |