Quantification of pH tolerance levels among entomopathogenic nematodes

Zanele Khathwayo; Tshimangadzo Ramakuwela; Justin Hatting; David I. Shapiro-Ilan; Nicolene Cochrane

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Quantification of pH tolerance levels among entomopathogenic nematodes

Zanele Khathwayo

Tshimangadzo Ramakuwela

Justin Hatting

David I. Shapiro-Ilan

Nicolene Cochrane

| 08 jul 2021

Journal of Nematology

Volumen 53 (2021): Edición 1 (January 2021)

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Publicado en línea: 08 jul 2021

Páginas: 1 - 12

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-062

Palabras clave
Ammonium-acetate, Citrate-phosphate, Entomopathogenic nematodes, pH levels, Survival

© 2021 Zanele Khathwayo et al., published by Sciendo.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Survival of steinernematids infective juveniles in ammonium-acetate pH solutions 24 hr post incubation at 25°C. (A) Steinernema khoisanae, (B) S. tophus, (C) S. beitlechemi, (D) S. glaseri, (E) S. carpocapsae (ScCxrd), (F) S. carpocapsae (ScAll), (G) S. carpocapsae (ScItalian), (H) S. biddulphi, (I) S. innovationi, (J) S. feltiae, and (K) S. riobrave. Within each graph, bars (mean ± SE of individual observations) with different letters indicate significant differences at the 5% test level.

Survival of heterorhabditids infective juveniles in ammonium-acetate pH solutions 24 hr post incubation at 25°C. (A) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HbHb), (B) H. bacteriophora (SGI151), (C) H. bacteriophora (SASRI75), (D) H. bacteriophora (SGI245), (E) H. bacteriophora (HbVS), and (F) H. indica. Within each graph, bars (mean ± SE of individual observations) with different letters indicate significant differences at the 5% test level.

Survival of steinernematids infective juveniles in citrate-phosphate pH solutions 24 hr post incubation at 25°C. (A) Steinernema khoisanae, (B) S. tophus, (C) S. beitlechemi, (D) S. glaseri, (E) S. carpocapsae (ScCxrd), (F) S. carpocapsae (ScAll), (G) S. carpocapsae (ScItalian), (H) S. biddulphi, (I) S. innovationi, (J) S. feltiae, and (K) S. riobrave. Within each graph, bars (mean ± SE of individual observations) with different letters indicate significant differences at the 5% test level.

Survival of heterorhabditids infective juveniles in citrate-phosphate pH solutions post incubation at 25°C. (A) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HbHb), (B) H. bacteriophora (SGI151), (C) H. bacteriophora (SASRI75), (D) H. bacteriophora (SGI245), (E) H. bacteriophora (HbVS), and (F) H. indica. Within each graph, bars (mean ± SE of individual observations) with different letters indicate significant differences at the 5% test level.

Percentage survival of different entomopathogenic nematode populations at each of 10 pH levels post 24 hr exposure to ammonium-acetate or citrate-phosphate pH solutions.

Ammonium-acetate
pH levels	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
S. khoisanae 334	20.75^a	87.75^a	86.50^abc	82.50^abcd	77.75^abc	69.50^bcd	59.50^bcde	33.25^cdef	0.00^b	0.00^a
S. carpocapsae (ScCxrd)	0.00^a	86.33^a	96.75^a	98.75^ab	99.00^a	100^a	95.50^a	94.75^ab	1.75^b	0.00^a
S. beitlechemi 197	19.50^a	69.00^abc	71.50^bc	72.25^bcde	65.00^cde	62.00^d	40.75^e	30.25^cdef	6.00^ab	0.00^a
S. glaseri SG4-8	0.00^a	73.00^abc	83.67^abc	84.00^abcd	68.33^cd	92.67^a	83.00^abc	35.00^cde	0.00^b	0.00^a
S. tophus 352	23.50^a	76.25^abc	81.75^abc	63.75^de	79.75^abc	85.67^abc	59.00^bcde	37.25^cd	0.00^b	0.00^a
S. carpocapsae (ScAll)	0.00^a	52.50^bc	93.25^a	98.25^ab	95.50^ab	99.50^a	99.75^a	98.25^a	12.75^a	0.00^a
S. carpocapsae (ScItalian)	0.25^a	74.25^abc	91.50^ab	100^a	94.75^a	99.00^a	99.50^a	82.25^ab	1.75^b	0.00^a
S. biddulphi 246	15.25^a	63.50^abc	69.25^c	66.25^de	64.00^cde	54.25^d	47.75^de	16.50^def	2.50^ab	0.00^a
S. innovationi 160	22.25^a	78.00^ab	79.75^abc	61.00^de	48.75^de	57.50^d	59.75^bcde	23.00^def	2.50^ab	0.00^a
S. feltiae FSN	0.00^a	51.75^bc	70.75^bc	95.25^abc	95.25^ab	99.50^a	99.75^a	61.25^bc	0.75^b	0.00^a
S. riobrave 355	8.00^a	48.00^cd	78.50^abc	94.25^abc	93.00^ab	97.50^a	80.75^abcd	75.50^ab	0.00^b	0.00^a
H. bacteriophora (HbHb)	0.00^a	9.00^e	31.25^d	66.50^de	85.25^abc	84.00^abc	86.00^ab	14.50^def	0.00^b	0.00^a
H. indica HIHOM1	0.00^a	18.50^e	19.75^de	45.50^ef	74.50^bc	96.75^a	98.75^a	10.00^def	0.00^b	0.00^a
H. bacteriophora (SASRI75)	3.75^a	4.00^e	3.75^e	24.50^f	51.25^de	55.25^d	35.75^e	0.00^f	0.00^b	0.00^a
H. bacteriophora (SGI151)	5.00^a	12.25^e	19.50^de	77.50^abcd	44.25^e	64.75^cd	49.75^cde	15.00^def	0.00^b	0.00^a
H. bacteriophora (SGI245)	1.67^a	22.67^de	33.33^d	68.33^cde	68.00^cd	65.00^cd	55.00^bcde	0.00^f	0.00^b	0.00^a
H. bacteriophora (HbVS)	0.00^a	8.50^e	31.25^d	45.75^ef	85.00^abc	90.25^ab	99.00^a	0.67^ef	0.00^b	0.00^a
LSD (0.05)	25.85	29.00	20.97	26.97	22.49	21.58	35.03	34.67	10.37	0.00
Citrate-phosphate
pH levels	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
S. khoisanae 334	0.00^e	63.25^e	64.00^d	67.75^e	76.75^fg	78.00^f	81.50^def	81.50^cd	71.75^cde	18.75^ef
S. carpocapsae (ScCxrd)	85.75^a	93.25^ab	100^a	100^a	99.75^a	99.75^a	100^a	100^a	97.75^ab	100^a
S. beitlechemi 197	2.75^e	69.25^de	73.25^cd	75.25^de	79.50^efg	80.25^ef	86.50^bcdef	82.75^bcd	76.25^bcde	24.00^def
S. glaseri SG4-8	27.75^de	93.00^ab	97.75^ab	88.50^abcd	94.50^abc	98.00^ab	93.00^abcd	95.50^ab	78.50^abcd	7.25^f
S. tophus 352	1.25^e	82.50^abcd	83.50^abcd	87.75^abcd	90.00^abcde	91.50^abcde	95.50^ab	93.50^abc	92.50^abc	23.00^def
S. carpocapsae (ScAll)	73.00^ab	100^a	99.75^a	99.75^a	100^a	98.50^ab	100^a	99.75^a	99.50^a	100^a
S. carpocapsae (ScItalian)	69.50^ab	97.25^ab	99.25^ab	95.00^abc	100^a	99.75^a	97.00^ab	99.75^a	100^a	98.50^a
S. biddulphi 246	1.50^e	73.75^cde	71.00^cd	83.75^bcd	92.75^abcd	85.50^cdef	91.25^abcde	90.25^abc	75.75^bcde	48.75^cde
S. innovationi 160	0.00^e	73.00^cde	83.50^abcd	68.00^e	71.75^g	85.75^cdef	82.25^cdef	87.00^abc	86.25^abc	45.50^cde
S. feltiae FSN	0.00^e	85.00^abcd	95.50^ab	92.50^abc	96.25^ab	97.25^abc	99.25^ab	98.00^a	96.25^ab	88.00^ab
S. riobrave 355	33.25^cd	99.25^a	100^a	99.00^a	99.50^a	100^a	96.50^ab	99.50^a	99.75^a	60.00^bc
H. bacteriophora (HbHb)	61.00^abc	91.00^abc	96.25^ab	93.75^abc	94.75^abc	94.75^abcd	94.50^abc	93.50^abc	55.25^e	0.00^f
H. indica HIHOM1	46.50^abc	98.25^ab	97.25^ab	99.25^a	97.50^ab	99.50^a	98.00^ab	95.25^ab	71.00^cde	0.67^f
H. bacteriophora (SASRI75)	66.50^ab	80.00^bcde	78.00^bcd	83.75^bcd	87.00^bcdef	84.00^def	73.75^f	73.00^d	77.25^bcde	54.50^cd
H. bacteriophora (SGI151)	64.25^ab	85.00^abcd	88.50^abc	90.00^abcd	82.25^defg	86.75^bcdef	87.50^abcde	82.50^bcd	82.75^abcd	30.00^cdef
H. bacteriophora. (SGI245)	77.75^a	84.75^abcd	88.25^abc	81.50^cde	82.75^cdefg	81.75^ef	78.50^ef	83.25^bcd	84.75^abcd	42.50^cde
H. bacteriophora (HbVS)	34.00^cd	96.50^ab	99.50^a	98.25^ab	98.00^ab	97.50^abc	97.75^ab	98.00^a	64.00^de	1.00^f
LSD (0.05)	30.13	18.76	21.27	15.09	12.04	12.13	12.76	13.42	22.19	32.11

List of entomopathogenic nematode populations that were tested for pH tolerance.

Isolate	Populations
S. biddulphi*	SGI246
S. beitlechemi*	SGI197
S. khoisanae*	R334
S. tophus*	R352
S. innovationi*	SGI60
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora*	SGI151; SASRI75; SGI245
Steinernema carpocapsae^	ScItalian; ScAll; ScCxrd
S. glaseri^	Sg4-8
S. riobrave^	Sr355
S. feltiae^	SfSN
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora^	HbHb; HbVS
H. indica^	HIHOM1

eISSN:: 2640-396X
Idioma:: Inglés

Calendario de la edición:: Volume Open
Temas de la revista:: Life Sciences, other

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Quantification of pH tolerance levels among entomopathogenic nematodes

Publicado en línea: 08 jul 2021

Páginas: 1 - 12

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-062

Palabras clave
Ammonium-acetate, Citrate-phosphate, Entomopathogenic nematodes, pH levels, Survival

© 2021 Zanele Khathwayo et al., published by Sciendo.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Figure 3:

Figure 4:

Percentage survival of different entomopathogenic nematode populations at each of 10 pH levels post 24 hr exposure to ammonium-acetate or citrate-phosphate pH solutions.

List of entomopathogenic nematode populations that were tested for pH tolerance.

Quantification of pH tolerance levels among entomopathogenic nematodes

Publicado en línea: 08 jul 2021

Páginas: 1 - 12

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-062

Palabras claveAmmonium-acetate, Citrate-phosphate, Entomopathogenic nematodes, pH levels, Survival

© 2021 Zanele Khathwayo et al., published by Sciendo.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Figure 3:

Figure 4:

Percentage survival of different entomopathogenic nematode populations at each of 10 pH levels post 24 hr exposure to ammonium-acetate or citrate-phosphate pH solutions.

List of entomopathogenic nematode populations that were tested for pH tolerance.

Palabras clave
Ammonium-acetate, Citrate-phosphate, Entomopathogenic nematodes, pH levels, Survival