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Morphological and molecular characters of Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958 from South Africa

Ebrahim Shokoohi
Ebrahim Shokoohi
   | 01 ene 2021
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Publicado en línea: 01 ene 2021
Páginas: 1 - 13
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-027
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© 2021 Authors, published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958. A: Neck. B: Anterior end (stylet and dgo). C: Superficial view of lip region. D: Female reproductive system. E, F: Female posterior end. G: Entire female.
Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958. A: Neck. B: Anterior end (stylet and dgo). C: Superficial view of lip region. D: Female reproductive system. E, F: Female posterior end. G: Entire female.

Figure 2:

Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958 (light microscopy). A, D, G: Lip region. B, E, H: Female posterior end (arrow indicates anus). C, F, I: Entire female. [A-C: Rustenburg population; D-F: Parys population; G-I: Sovenga Hills population].
Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958 (light microscopy). A, D, G: Lip region. B, E, H: Female posterior end (arrow indicates anus). C, F, I: Entire female. [A-C: Rustenburg population; D-F: Parys population; G-I: Sovenga Hills population].

Figure 3:

Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958 (scanning electron microscopy). A: Neck. B-D: Lip region. E: Areolated lateral field at pharynx level. F: Normal lateral field at mid-body level. G, I: Female posterior end. H: Vaginal region.
Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958 (scanning electron microscopy). A: Neck. B-D: Lip region. E: Areolated lateral field at pharynx level. F: Normal lateral field at mid-body level. G, I: Female posterior end. H: Vaginal region.

Figure 4:

PCA analysis of S. brachyurus populations.
PCA analysis of S. brachyurus populations.

Figure 5:

The Bayesian tree inferred from known and newly sequenced S. brachyurus from South Africa based on 28 S rDNA region.
The Bayesian tree inferred from known and newly sequenced S. brachyurus from South Africa based on 28 S rDNA region.

Figure 6:

The Bayesian tree inferred from known and newly sequenced S. brachyurus from South Africa based on COI of mtDNA region.
The Bayesian tree inferred from known and newly sequenced S. brachyurus from South Africa based on COI of mtDNA region.

Measurements of Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958 from South Africa.

Locality Rustenburg Parys Sovenga Hills
n 8 ♀♀ 8 ♀♀ 8 ♀♀
L 736.2 ± 38.7 (696–792) 798.5 ± 16.8 (781–826) 815.6 ± 74.4 (717–904)
a 25.6 ± 0.3 (25.1–25.8) 30.8 ± 1.6 (28.5–32.3) 32.1 ± 1.6 (29.9–33.5)
b 5.4 ± 0.4 (5.0–5.8) 5.7 ± 0.1 (5.6–5.9) 6.2 ± 0.7 (5.4–7.2)
b' 6.9 ± 0.5 (6.5–7.6) 6.5 ± 0.6 (5.9–7.2) 8.0 ± 1.1 (6.8–9.5)
c 54.1 ± 4.0 (49.7–59.4) 58.9 ± 10.7 (48.9–72.5) 70.7 ± 4.2 (65.3–75.3)
c' 0.7 ± 0.0 (0.7) 0.8 ± 0.2 (0.6–0.9) 0.6 ± 0.1 (0.5–0.7)
V 57.2 ± 2.0 (55–60) 58.1 ± 0.5 (57.6–58.5) 56.8 ± 0.9 (56–58)
Lip region diameter 9.0 ± 0.9 (7–10) 8.4 ± 0.6 (7.8–9.1) 8.3 ± 0.3 (8.0–8.6)
Lip region height 5.3 ± 0.4 (4.7–5.5) 5.4 ± 0.5 (5–6) 5.6 ± 0.3 (5–6)
Conus length 9.5 ± 1.0 (9–11) 10.7 ± 0.5 (10–11) 10.3 ± 1.0 (9–11)
Shaft length 11.3 ± 1.2 (10–12) 11.6 ± 0.5 (11–12) 12.3 ± 1.0 (11–13)
Stylet knob height 2.7 ± 0.2 (2–3) 3.0 ± 0.4 (2–3) 2.7 ± 0.3 (2–3)
Stylet knob width 4.3 ± 0.7 (3.5–5.2) 5.2 ± 0.3 (4.8–5.4) 4.3 ± 1.0 (3.3–5.2)
Stylet length 23.4 ± 1.9 (21–27) 25.8 ± 1.0 (25–27) 25.5 ± 1.3 (24–27)
DGO 4.8 ± 0.5 (4–5) 4.6 ± 0.5 (4–5) 5.1 ± 0.5 (4.5–5.5)
m 41.9 ± 2.2 (39–44) 41.4 ± 1.2 (40–42) 41.1 ± 3.6 (37–44)
o 20.4 ± 2.8 (19–22) 17.8 ± 2.1 (15–20) 19.7 ± 3.3 (17–22)
Median bulb length 13.1 ± 1.9 (11–15) 12.7 ± 0.6 (12–13) 12.8 ± 2.5 (10–16)
Median bulb diameter 9.8 ± 1.0 (8.5–10) 9.2 ± 0.7 (8.7–10) 9.5 ± 1.3 (8–11)
Median bulb valve length 3.0 ± 1.0 (2–4) 2.9 ± 0.9 (2–4) 3.3 ± 0.7 (2.5–3.9)
Median bulb valve width 1.5 ± 0.3 (1.1–1.7) 1.2 ± 0.3 (1.0–1.4) 1.5 ± 0.5 (1.0–1.8)
Median bulb to anterior end 72.5 ± 0.6 (72–73) 74.3 ± 2.5 (72–77) 76.0 ± 3.6 (72–79)
Pharynx length 105.0 ± 12.1 (91–114) 108.0 ± 1.4 (107–110) 104.0 ± 2.2 (102–106)
Pharyngeal overlap 29.8 ± 2.2 (27–32) 24.0 ± 3.6 (21–28) 28.5 ± 3.9 (24–33)
Nerve ring to anterior end 89.0 ± 4.8 (86–96) 101.3 ± 8.3 (92–108) 95.3 ± 6.8 (90–105)
Excretory pore to anterior end 113.6 ± 5.1 (106–116) 118.5 ± 1.7 (117–121) 111.0 ± 6.2 (104–116)
Neck length (stoma + pharynx) 137.5 ± 9.4 (121–148) 140.3 ± 2.6 (138–144) 135.2 ± 7.1 (125–144)
Neck base diameter 24.0 ± 2.6 (22–27) 22.8 ± 1.7 (21–25) 23.7 ± 1.5 (22–25)
Mid-body diameter 28.3 ± 1.0 (27–29) 25.8 ± 1.5 (25–28) 25.8 ± 1.3 (24–26)
Anal body diameter 19.1 ± 0.9 (17–21) 17.2 ± 0.8 (16–18) 18.4 ± 1.5 (16–20)
Annulus width 1.4 ± 0.2 (1.3–1.6) 1.4 ± 0.2 (1.2–1.7) 1.3 ± 0.1 (1.2–1.4)
Lateral field width 4.9 ± 0.5 (4.5–5.6) 4.9 ± 1.3 (4.0–5.8) 4.5 ± 0.7 (3.8–5.2)
Vagina length 11.5 ± 1.0 (11–13) 12.0 ± 0.8 (11–13) 11.0 ± 0.8 (10–12)
Anterior genital branch length 115.9 ± 16.4 (104–128) – 156.0 (n = 1)
Posterior genital branch length 139.8 ± 7.4 (135–145) – –
Spermatheca length 11, 12 (n  = 2) – –
Spermatheca width 9.0, 10 (n = 2) – –
Scutellum width 3.9 ± 0.6 (3.2–4.4) 2.8 ± 1.0 (2.1–4.3) 3.4 ± 0.9 (2.6–4.4)
hyaline length 3.5 ± 0.7 (2.8–4.6) 2.9 ± 0.6 (2.0–3.4) 2.8 ± 0.7 (2.2–3.6)
Tail length 12.8 ± 1.4 (10.5–14.0) 14.4 ± 2.4 (11–17) 13.2 ± 3.4 (10–19)

Genetic pairwise distance estimating for type A and B of different populations of S. brachyurus (numbers 1–12) and S. clavicaudatum (numbers 13–17).

Seq number Accession number Country type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 MW504475 South Africa A 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
2 KX959260 USA A 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
3 KU059494 USA A 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
4 JX472047 USA A 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
5 DQ328753 USA A 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
6 EU280787 USA A 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
7 FJ485645 USA A 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
8 MW504474 South Africa B 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
9 MW504476 South Africa B 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
10 JX472057 South Africa B 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
11 JX472056 South Africa B 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
12 JX472048 South Africa B 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
13 KX959268 South Africa – 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01
14 KX959267 South Africa – 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
15 KX959269 South Africa – 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01
16 KX959266 South Africa – 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.00
17 KX959265 South Africa – 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.01

Factor score for different populations of Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958 and S. clavicaudatum.

Observation F1 F2
S. brachyurus; South Africa; present study −1.167 −0.680
S. brachyurus; Rwanda; Nyiragatare, 2014 −1.890 −2.663
S. brachyurus; USA; Sher, 1964 2.978 −1.170
S. brachyurus; South Africa; Van den Berg and Heyns, 1973 −0.209 1.312
S. brachyurus; Belgium; Nguyen et al., 2019 3.209 −1.150
S. brachyurus; Greece; Tzortzakakis et al., 2016 0.692 0.265
S. brachyurus; South Africa; Van den Berg et al., 2013 −0.920 −0.684
S. brachyurus; USA; Van den Berg et al., 2013 1.747 3.554
S. clavicaudatum; South Africa; Van den Berg et al., 2017 −4.440 1.216

Loading factor of the variables of different populations of Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958.

F1 F2
L −0.847 −0.076
a 0.054 −0.703
b −0.043 −0.472
b' −0.730 0.284
c 0.735 −0.008
c' −0.192 −0.842
V 0.957 0.196
m 0.696 0.024
o 0.913 −0.120
Stylet L −0.371 0.476
DGO 0.816 0.119
Excretory pore to ant. end 0.272 −0.247
Neck length −0.433 0.383
Maximum body diameter 0.116 0.931
Anal body diameter −0.640 0.396
Tail length −0.690 −0.535
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