Performance of entomopathogenic nematodes on the mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and the compatibility of control agents with nematodes

Figure 1:

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Figure 3:

Compatibility of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterohabditis amazonensis (NEPET11) exposed for 48 hours to phytosanitary products registered or in the process of registration for cassava culture (IOBC/WPRS Protocol) (Vainio, 1992)_

Data	Treatment	Viability (%)a	Infectivity (%)	MC%	Rinf%	E%	Classificationb
28/05/2015	Control	92.2 ± 0.6 aa	92 ± 3.7 a	–	–	–	–
	Curyom 550 EC	90.8 ± 1.2 a	8 ± 3.7 b	1.52	91.30	92.82	Moderately toxic
	Poquer	79.8 ± 3.1 b	90 ± 6.3 a	13.45	2.17	15.62	Innocuous
20/06/2015	Control	99.4 ± 0.2 a	86 ± 5.1 a	–	–	–	–
	Fusilade 250 EW	99.2 ± 0.4 a	62 ± 8.6 a	0.20	27.91	28.11	Innocuous
	Cipermetrina 250 EC	97.4 ± 0.6 b	80 ± 8.9 a	2.01	6.98	8.99	Innocuous
	Gamit 360 CS	99.0 ± 0.3ab	74 ± 9.3 a	0.40	13.95	14.36	Innocuous
	Nomolt® 150	99.2 ± 0.2 a	66 ± 6.8 a	0.20	23.26	23.46	Innocuous
	Callisto	98.0 ± 0.5 ab	90 ± 5.5 a	1.4	0.00	1.41	Innocuous
24/07/2015	Control	92.8 ± 0.9 a	86 ± 2.4 a	–	–	–	–
	Tiger 100 EC	76.6 ± 2.5 b	76 ± 2.4 a	17.46	11.63	29.08	Innocuous
	Standak top®	87.2 ± 1.7 a	72 ± 4.9 a	6.03	16.28	22.31	Innocuous
	Actara 250 WG	70.8 ± 1.9 b	86 ± 5.1 a	23.71	0.00	23.71	Innocuous
	Gaucho FS	71.2 ± 2.5 b	86 ± 2.4 a	23.28	0.00	23.28	Innocuous

Isolates, species, and collection sites of Heterorhabditis amazonensis and Heterorhabditis indica used in the selection test for adult females of Dysmicoccus brevipes in laboratory conditions_

Isolate	Species	Reference	Collection location
RSC05	H. amazonensis	Andaló et al. (2006)	Benjamin Constant – AM – Brazil
GL (Alho)	H. amazonensis	Andaló et al. (2009)	Lavras – MG – Brazil
JPM4	H. amazonensis	Molina et al. (2005), Andaló et al. (2014)	Lavras – MG – Brazil
RSC 03	H. amazonensis	Andaló et al. (2006)	Benjamin Constant – AM – Brazil
JPM3	H. amazonensis	Molina et al. (2005), Andaló et al. (2014)	Lavras – MG – Brazil
IBCB-n40	H. amazonensis	Dell’Acqua et al. (2013)	Taboporã – SP – Brazil
IBCB-n46	H. amazonensis	Dell’Acqua et al. (2013)	Santo Antônio de Posse – SP– Brazil
IBCB-n44	H. amazonensis	Dell’Acqua et al. (2013)	Santa Adélia – SP – Brazil
NEPET11	H. amazonensis	Ribeiro (2018)	Palmeira das Missões – RS– Brazil
IBCB-n05	H. indica	Dell’Acqua et al. (2013)	Itapetininga – SP – Brazil

Trade name, biological activity, active ingredient, and dose of commercial product of phytosanitary products registered or in the process of registration for cassava culture, evaluated for compatibility with Heterohabditis amazonensis (isolated NEPET11) (AGROFIT, 2020)_

Commercial name	Biological activity	Active ingredient	Situation	Dose/Haa	Dose/Lb
Curyom 550 EC	Insecticide	Lufenuron 50 g/L + profenofos 500 g/L	Registered	300 mL	2.08 mL
Gaucho FS	Insecticide	Imidacloprid 600 g/L	Not registered	360 mL	2.50 mL
Actara 250 WG	Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 250 g/kg	Not registered	150 g	1.04 g
Tiger 100 EC	Insecticide	Pyriproxyfen 100 g/L	Not registered	220 g	2.50 g
Nomolt 150	Insecticide	Teflubenzuron 150 g/L	Registered	300 mL	1.50 mL
Cipermetrina 250EC	Insecticide	Cypermethrin 250.0 g/L	Registered	50 mL	2.08 mL
Standak Top	Insecticide Fungicide	Pyraclostrobin 25 g/L + Thiophanate-methyl 225 g/L + Fipronil 250 g/L	Not registered	360 mL	0.69 mL
Poquer	Herbicide	Clethodim 240g/L	Registered	400 mL	2.77 mL
Fusilade 250 EW	Herbicide	fluazifop-butyl 250 g/L	Registered	700 mL	4.84 mL
Gamit 360 CS	Herbicide	Clomazone 360.0 g/L	Registered	2,000 mL	13.83 mL
Callisto	Herbicide	Mesotrione 480.0 g/L	Not registered	400 mL	2.77 mL

Mortality (%) of Dysmicoccus brevipes female (mean ± SD) caused by isolates of Heterorhabditis in laboratory conditions (25 ± 1°, UR 70 ± 10% and without photophase)_

Isolate	Species	% Mortality
Control	–	0.0 ± 0.0 aa
RSC05	H. amazonensis	46.0 ± 6.0 bc
IBCB-n46	H. amazonensis	48.5 ± 10.3 bc
IBCB-n44	H. amazonensis	48.9 ± 20.1 bc
IBCB-n05	H. indica	52.5 ± 6.5 bc
JPM4	H. amazonensis	54.0 ± 8.7 bc
JPM3	H. amazonensis	54.7 ± 6.3 bc
RSC 03	H. amazonensis	59.4 ± 7.4 cd
GL (Alho)	H. amazonensis	61.0 ± 14.8 cd
IBCB-n40	H. amazonensis	84.0 ± 8.1 de
NEPET11	H. amazonensis	93.8 ± 4.1 e