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Figure 1
Effect of insect powder and dose level on infective juveniles yield (h) in solid culture media. G: Galleria mellonella; T: Tenebrio molitor; L: Lucillia sericata; G+T:1:1 mixed powder of G. mellonella and T. molitor; G+L, 1:1 mixed powder of G. mellonella and L. sericata; T+L: 1:1 mixed powder of T. molitor and L. sericata. L, M, H: three dose levels of insect powder 1, 3, and 5% (m/m), respectively. Bars with different letters represent significantly different means (SE) at p ⩽ 0.05 among all treatments via the post hoc Duncan’s test.
Figure 2
Effect of insect powder and dose level on the time-to-death (h) of Spodoptera litura larvae in two trials. Each larva was exposed to 100 Steinernema feltiae infective juveniles. Five larvae in five wells were regarded as a replication of each treatment. G: Galleria mellonella; T: Tenebrio molitor; L: Lucillia sericata; G+T:1:1 mixed powder of G. mellonella and T. molitor; G+L, 1:1 mixed powder of G. mellonella and L. sericata; T+L: 1:1 mixed powder of T. molitor and L. sericata. : L, M, H: three dose levels of insect powder 1, 3, and 5% (m/m), respectively. Bars with different letters represent significantly different means (SE) at p ⩽ 0.05 among all treatments via the post hoc Duncan’s test.
Figure 3
Effect of insect powder and dose level on the progeny yield (h) of Spodoptera litura larvae in two trials. Each larva was exposed to 100 Steinernema feltiae infective juveniles. Five larvae in five wells were regarded as a replication of each treatment. G: Galleria mellonella; T: Tenebrio molitor; L: Lucillia sericata; G+T:1:1 mixed powder of G. mellonella and T. molitor; G+L, 1:1 mixed powder of G. mellonella and L. sericata; T+L: 1:1 mixed powder of T. molitor and L. sericata. L, M, H: three dose levels of insect powder 1, 3, and 5% (m/m), respectively. Bars with different letters represent significantly different means (SE) at p ⩽ 0.05 among all treatments via the post hoc Duncan’s test.
Figure S1
Effect of insect powder and dose level on the initial emergence time of infective juveniles from Spodoptera litura larvae in two trials. Each larva was exposed to 100 Steinernema feltiae infective juveniles. Five larvae in five wells were regarded as a replication of each treatment. G: Galleria mellonella; T: Tenebrio molitor; L: Lucillia sericata; G+T:1:1 mixed powder of G. mellonella and T. molitor; G+L, 1:1 mixed powder of G. mellonella and L. sericata; T+L: 1:1 mixed powder of T. molitor and L. sericata. L, M, H: three dose levels of insect powder 1, 3, and 5% (m/m), respectively. Bars with different letters represent significantly different means (SE) at p ⩽ 0.05 among all treatments via the post hoc Duncan’s test.