Annual and Perennial Alleyway Cover Crops Vary in Their Effects on Pratylenchus penetrans in Pacific Northwest Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

Crop type, species name, and cultivar for alleyway cover crops included in the Washington raspberry (Rubus idaeus) field study and Pratylenchus penetrans greenhouse host assays_

Crop	Cultivar
Hard, red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) a	Norwest 553
Soft, white winter wheat (T. aestivum) a	Rosalyn
Winter-hardy oat (Avena sativa) b	Nora
Winter-hardy oat (A. sativa) b	TAM 606
Intermediate and tetraploid perennial ryegrass mix (Lolium hybridum, Lolium perenne) c	51.25% Tetralite, 48.24% Kentaur
Perennial ryegrass mix (L. perenne) c	43.93% Esquire, 31.44% TopHat 2, 22.49% Tetragreen
Triticale (Triticosecale sp.) d	Trical 103BB
Triticale (Triticosecale sp.) d	TriMark 099
Cereal rye (Secale cereale) c	Common

Pratylenchus penetrans population densities over a 2-yr period from raspberry (Rubus idaeus) roots adjacent to alleyways with annual and perennial cover crops in Lynden, WA_

P. penetrans/g of raspberry root
Treatment a	Spring 2015		Fall 2015		Spring 2016		Fall 2016
Till (industry standard)	4,847 ± 1,639 b		5,536 ± 1,185		3,286 ± 424		2,391 ± 566
Mow	2,319 ± 1,254	B c	6,120 ± 986	A	2,277 ± 397	B	1,861 ± 178	B
Cereal rye	3,915 ± 1,257	AB	5,616 ± 744	A	1,799 ± 431	B	1,976 ± 432	B
Oat ‘Nora’	2,372 ± 571		3,255 ± 1,850		2,211 ± 701		2,931 ± 689
Oat ‘Tam 606’	3,020 ± 863	B	5,750 ± 870	A	2,546 ± 521	B	4,462 ± 603	AB
Triticale ‘Trical 103BB’	2,294 ± 780	AB	4,175 ± 862	A	4,037 ± 742	A	1,331 ± 568	B
Triticale ‘TriMark 099’	5,005 ± 765		4,309 ± 1,137		2,703 ± 1,004		3,084 ± 595
Wheat ‘Norwest 553’	2,884 ± 555		4,879 ± 1,796		1,677 ± 580		2,516 ± 817
Wheat ‘Rosalyn’	2,596 ± 354	AB	4,320 ± 703	A	1,081 ± 217	B	2,919 ± 1,009	AB
Grass mix 1 (perennial)	5,112 ± 853	A	5,205 ± 1,126	A	2,192 ± 334	B	3,857 ± 846	AB
Grass mix 2 (annual)	3,176 ± 1,180		5,192 ± 1,796		4,298 ± 384		3,166 ± 1,658
Overall mean d	3,432	B	4,941	A	2,555	C	2,796	BC

Pratylenchus penetrans population densities over a 2-yr period from cover crops roots in alleyways adjacent to raised beds of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) in Lynden, WA_

P. penetrans/g of cover crop root
Treatment a	Spring 2015		Fall 2015		Spring 2016		Fall 2016
Till (industry standard)	-		-		-		-
Mow	-		-		-		-
Cereal rye	292 ± 280 b		325 ± 286		220 ± 383		830 ± 554
Oat ‘Nora’	31 ± 31		253 ± 202		325 ± 251		378 ± 246
Oat ‘TAM 606’	187 ± 187		503 ± 498		84 ± 131		439 ± 263
Triticale ‘Trical 103BB’	68 ± 49		447 ± 443		12 ± 20		340 ± 335
Triticale ‘TriMark 099’	39 ± 39		39 ± 22		352 ± 632		77 ± 53
Wheat ‘Norwest 553’	297 ± 256		336 ± 329		371 ± 434		282 ± 195
Wheat ‘Rosalyn’	14 ± 14	B c	81 ± 38	A	94 ± 54		228 ± 90
Grass mix 1 (perennial)	0	B	5 ± 3	B	44 ± 43	A	8 ± 5	B
Grass mix 2 (annual)	88 ± 81		1 ± 1		341 ± 666		52 ± 50
Overall mean d	108		221		205		293

Host status of cover crops for Pratylenchus penetrans in greenhouse host assays conducted in Mount Vernon, WA_

Treatment a	Host assay 3						Host assay 4
	P. penetrans/g of root		Root weight (g)		RF b		P. penetrans/g of root		Root weight (g)		RF
Grass mix 1	108 ± 17	b c	8.19 ± 0.35	a	0.57	b	263 ± 50	b	10.60 ± 0.92	a	1.10	b
Grass mix 2	62 ± 10	c	8.39 ± 0.33	a	0.50	b	123 ± 28	c	10.95 ± 0.43	a	0.50	c
Raspberry ‘Meeker’	910 ± 165	a	2.08 ± 0.19	b	1.51	a	1,402 ± 309	a	2.31 ± 0.30	b	1.97	a