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Fig. 1.

Genome structure of parechovirus and post-translational polyprotein processing.
Genome structure of parechovirus and post-translational polyprotein processing.

Fig. 2.

Structure of parechovirus particle.
Structure of parechovirus particle.

HPeV types and associated disease

HPeV typeDisease entities/symptoms
HPeV-1diarrhoea [21, 23, 25, 37, 72, 76, 94]
acute enteritis [5]
necrotizing enterocolitis [12, 56]
gastroenteritis [8, 21, 22, 31, 38, 40, 41, 49, 56, 70, 72, 74, 93, 95]
upper respiratory tract infection [8, 38, 40, 41, 56, 93]
bronchitis [93]
pneumonia [98]
AFP (acute flaccid paralysis) [34, 54, 65]
Guillain-Barré syndrome [55]
Reye syndrome [79]
meningitis [34, 51]
encephalitis [51, 74]
encephalomyelitis [52]
epilepsy [48]
sepsis [8, 47]
influenza-like illness [23]
uveitis [28]
otitis media [87]
HUS (haemolytic uraemic syndrome) [69]
myocarditis/cardiomyopathy [58, 96]
HPeV-2diarrhoea [23, 37, 94]
gastroenteritis [70]
uveitis [28]
AFP [65]
HPeV-3fever [18]
diarrhoea [21, 23, 35, 72]
gastroenteritis [21, 22, 61, 62, 70, 72]
hemorrhage-hepatitis syndrome [53]
respiratory illness [19, 41, 93]
AFP [65, 81]
transient paralysis [45]
facial palsy [61]
meningitis [13, 35, 73, 93, 95]
encephalitis [18, 24, 29, 59]
sepsis [8, 14, 16, 18, 40, 46, 47, 53, 73, 84, 90, 92, 95]
influenza-like illness [93]
otitis media [14]
conjunctivitis and uveitis [14, 28]
rash [14, 48, 93]
myositis/myalgia [60, 82, 93]
hemophagocytic limphohistiocytosis (HLH) [39]
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) [78]
myocarditis [59]
hypothyroidism [29]
HPeV-4fever [11]
diarrhoea [23, 37]
gastroenteritis [21, 22, 23, 37, 38, 49, 70, 72, 74]
sepsa [47]
influenza-like illness [23]
lymphadenitis [7, 21, 93]
TORCH syndrome (a cluster of symptoms caused by congenital infection) [43]
AFP [65]
HPeV-5fever [18, 68]
diarrhoea [21, 23, 37, 72]
gastroenteritis [21, 22, 31, 61, 70, 72, 85]
AFP [54]
Reye syndrome [43]
HPeV-6fever [30]
diarrhoea [21, 23]
gastroenteritis [5, 21, 22, 70, 93]
upper respiratory tract infection [41]
AFP [54, 93]
Reye syndrome [93]
Guillain-Barré syndrome [71]
influenza-like illness [23]
otitis media [30]
rash [93]
HPeV-7diarrhoea [37]
AFP [54, 65]
HPeV-8diarrhoea [37]
gastroenteritis [22, 31, 70]
encephalitis [61]
HPeV-9diarrhoea [37]
AFP [65]
HPeV-10diarrhoea [61]
gastroenteritis [2, 49, 61, 70, 72]
influenza-like illness [23]
HPeV-11gastroenteritis, diarrhoea [70, 72]
HPeV-12gastroenteritis, diarrhoea [3]
AFP [3, 65]
HPeV-13gastroenteritis [2, 70]
HPeV-14diarrhoea [21, 23, 25, 37]
gastroenteritis [9, 21, 22, 70]
fever [2]
HPeV-15gastroenteritis, diarrhoea [2]
HPeV-16enteritis [70]
HPeV-17diarrhoea [37]
enteritis [25]
HPeV-18diarrhoea [37]
HPeV-19

Distribution of HPeV types throughout the world

 1950–19691970–19791980–19891990–19992000–20092010–2019
Africa
Ghana    1, 2, 4, 5, 7–9, 14, 17, 18 
Côte d’Ivoire     17
South and North America
Bolivia    1–4, 7, 9, 12 
Brazil    1, 5, 6, 81, 5, 6
Jamaica  1   
Canada  1 31, 3
USA1, 241, 2, 4, 51, 2, 51–7, 9–141, 3
Australia and Oceania
Australia     3
New Zealand     3
Asia
Bahrain    1 
China     1, 3–6, 8, 14
India    1–8, 10, 11, 14, 161–8, 10, 11, 14, 16
Israel   1 4
Japan   31, 3, 4, 61, 3
South Korea    1, 41, 4
Pakistan    1, 3, 5–7, 10, 13, 1512
Sri Lanka    1, 3–5, 10, 11 
Thailand    1–6, 10, 141–6, 10, 14, 17
Taiwan    31
Europe
Austria     3
Belgium     3
Bulgaria     3, 5, 8, 10
Croatia    1 
Denmark    1, 3–61, 3–6
Finland  1111
France    11, 3, 4
Spain     3, 5
Netherlands    1–6, 141, 3, 4
Germany    1, 3, 61, 3, 6
Norway    1–3, 6 
Sweden   11–4, 6 
Hungary   1, 41, 4 
United Kingdom    1, 3, 63
Italy     3, 6
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Life Sciences, Microbiology and Virology