The Landscape Fragmentation: Analysis of Land Cover Transformation in High Mountains Environment on the Example of Tatra Region (Southern Poland)

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Fig. 5.

Mean Patch Edge (MPE) in the Tatra region in the 2000-2018 period for selected LC forms_

CLC code		MPE [m]
		2000	2006	2012	2018
112		14 367.00	12 397.14	15 228.02	15 063.99
141		0.00	2 557.64	2 557.64	2 557.64
142		3 109.36	3 109.36	3 109.36	8 495.38
211		12 735.41	12 735.33	26 570.53	4 144.60
231		12 429.33	12 495.35	9 969.87	11 031.61
242		5 588.21	5 506.85	5 453.74	4 733.83
243		5 265.41	5 393.80	5 577.05	5 478.32
311		3 824.21	3 934.29	3 804.81	3 784.66
312		18 097.87	17 500.69	15 868.58	17 768.00
313		9 271.88	10 256.72	10 259.33	7 865.39
321		7 880.22	7 945.46	10 764.73	12 471.43
322		14 040.35	14 004.48	14 659.31	22 307.29
324		4 266.16	4 284.40	3 943.19	6 878.49
332		13 777.95	13 595.98	10 604.71	54 742.03
333		1 229.49	1 229.49	3 191.27	3 698.45
511		0.00	2 623.02	3 690.03	3 533.54
512		2 623.03	12 397.14	2 620.30	2 616.70
Overall MPE		9451.12	9413.86	9964.18	9822.28

Landscape Division Index (LDI) in the Tatra region in the 2000–2018 period for selected land cover forms_

LC form		LDI
		2000	2006	2012	2018
112		71.76	73.94	50.33	57.49
141		–	0.00	0.00	0.00
142		0.00	0.00	0.00	30.58
211		34.04	34.04	56.92	82.11
231		90.60	90.44	87.08	94.10
242		95.09	95.31	94.59	94.93
243		96.87	96.76	96.36	96.17
311		44.77	63.08	60.24	60.85
312		20.28	21.11	60.88	67.30
313		30.45	34.55	28.36	47.02
321		80.29	79.67	73.01	67.98
322		77.17	77.10	77.61	65.80
324		90.17	89.94	80.62	88.58
332		42.58	41.15	25.74	0.00
333		44.23	44.23	62.15	77.02
511		–	0.00	0.00	0.00
512		62.71	62.71	62.61	64.07

Mean Shape Index (MSI) in the Tatra region in the 2000–2018 period for selected land cover forms_

LC class		MSI [m]
		2000	2006	2012	2018
112		2.991	2.767	2.816	2.736
141		–	1.398	1.398	1.398
142		1.523	1.523	1.523	2.342
211		2.688	2.688	2.835	1.672
231		2.244	2.212	2.332	2.291
242		2.019	2.010	1.997	1.886
243		1.877	1.894	1.904	1.884
311		1.785	1.822	1.807	1.776
312		2.488	2.468	2.430	2.515
313		2.152	2.400	2.294	3.117
321		2.815	2.819	2.575	2.319
322		2.441	2.436	2.378	2.722
324		2.267	2.041	1.918	2.418
332		2.586	2.570	2.097	3.499
333		3.986	3.986	2.592	2.018
511		–	–	2.696	2.840
512		1.209	1.209	1.210	1.227
Overall MSI		2.276	2.259	2.238	2.228

Landscape fragmentation indexes_

Index	Name	Formula	Notes	Level of operation*	Source
NP	Number of Patches	–	–	Landscape level
MPE	Mean Patch Edge	MPE = (e1 + e2 + … + en) ÷ n	e – edge of the patch (m) n – the number of patches in the selected LC class	Class level	McGarigal and Marks (1995), Zhang and Wang (2006)
MSI	Mean Shape Index	MSI = (e ÷ A)	e – edge of the patch (m) A – total area of landscape	Class level	McGarigal and Marks (1995), Zhang and Wang (2006),
SDI	Shannon’s Diversity Index	SDI=(−∑i=1Rpilnpi)$$SDI = ( - \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^R {{p_i}\ln {p_i}} )$$	pi – proportion of individuals belonging to the ith LC class in the landscape	Landscape level	Urbański (2008), Sobala and Pukowiec-Kurda (2016)
SEI	Shannon’s Evenness Index	SEI = (SDI ÷ max(SDI))	SDI – actual value of Shannon’s Diversity Index max (SDI) – maximal possible SDI value	Landscape level	Urbański (2008)
DIVISION	Landscape Division Index	DIVISION=(1−∑i=1m∑j=1n(aij2A))$$DIVISION\; = (1 - \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^m \mathop \sum \limits_{j = 1}^n ({{{a_{ij2}}} \over A}))$$	i – LC class aij – area (m2) of the patch A – total area of landscape	Class level	Urbański (2008)

Values of index of landscape change for particular land cover forms according to the CORINE Land Cover classification in the Tatra region (ICh value—green colour when the share of a given LC form has increased and red colour when the share of a given LC has decreased)_

CLC code	Area [ha]				ICh [%]
	2000	2006	2012	2018	ICh00–06	ICh06–12	ICh12–18	ICh00–18
112	1735.21	1839.39	2399.88	2972.04	0.11	0.59	0.61	1.31
141	0.00	18.78	17.05	18.18	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.02
142	23.10	22.95	21.24	129.36	0.00	0.00	0.11	0.11
211	2634.21	2687.80	16258.58	4626.12	0.06	14.39	12.33	2.11
231	14225.05	14317.34	4284.58	12295.75	0.10	10.64	8.49	2.05
242	2079.09	1904.76	982.94	910.70	0.18	0.98	0.08	1.24
243	3136.02	3035.51	2387.99	2341.27	0.11	0.69	0.05	0.84
311	97.59	458.98	113.98	121.66	0.38	0.37	0.01	0.03
312	14856.89	14811.78	13638.78	13243.95	0.05	1.24	0.42	1.71
313	679.73	388.05	451.19	582.83	0.31	0.07	0.14	0.10
321	2406.07	2403.38	2074.84	2697.85	0.00	0.35	0.66	0.31
322	2159.93	2151.63	2057.61	2033.98	0.01	0.10	0.03	0.13
324	410.64	429.77	456.00	2874.62	0.02	0.03	2.56	2.61
332	2348.89	2322.01	1646.70	1783.19	0.03	0.72	0.14	0.60
333	291.07	291.38	279.61	436.38	0.00	0.01	0.17	0.15
511	0.00	0.00	18.88	20.04	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.02
512	76.53	76.50	70.15	72.06	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00
Overall ICh					1.38	30.19	25.81	13.36