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The Landscape Fragmentation: Analysis of Land Cover Transformation in High Mountains Environment on the Example of Tatra Region (Southern Poland)

Piotr Pyryt
Piotr Pyryt
 und 
Katarzyna Pukowiec-Kurda
Katarzyna Pukowiec-Kurda
   | 27. Feb. 2024
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Online veröffentlicht: 27. Feb. 2024
Seitenbereich: 111 - 126
Eingereicht: 21. März 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2024-0007
© 2024 Piotr Pyryt et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Location of the Tatra region in Poland (A) with information about its CORINE Land Cover classes (B).
Location of the Tatra region in Poland (A) with information about its CORINE Land Cover classes (B).

Fig. 2.

Methodology workflow.
Methodology workflow.

Fig. 3.

Index of landscape change (ICh) inside and outside Tatra NP in the period of 2000–2018.
Index of landscape change (ICh) inside and outside Tatra NP in the period of 2000–2018.

Fig. 4.

Land cover changes in the Tatra region in the 2000–2006–2012–2018 periods.
Land cover changes in the Tatra region in the 2000–2006–2012–2018 periods.

Fig. 5.

Landscape Division Index values in the Tatra region in the 2000–2018 period for each patch of landscape.
Landscape Division Index values in the Tatra region in the 2000–2018 period for each patch of landscape.

Mean Patch Edge (MPE) in the Tatra region in the 2000-2018 period for selected LC forms.

CLC code MPE [m]
2000 2006 2012 2018
112 14 367.00 12 397.14 15 228.02 15 063.99
141 0.00 2 557.64 2 557.64 2 557.64
142 3 109.36 3 109.36 3 109.36 8 495.38
211 12 735.41 12 735.33 26 570.53 4 144.60
231 12 429.33 12 495.35 9 969.87 11 031.61
242 5 588.21 5 506.85 5 453.74 4 733.83
243 5 265.41 5 393.80 5 577.05 5 478.32
311 3 824.21 3 934.29 3 804.81 3 784.66
312 18 097.87 17 500.69 15 868.58 17 768.00
313 9 271.88 10 256.72 10 259.33 7 865.39
321 7 880.22 7 945.46 10 764.73 12 471.43
322 14 040.35 14 004.48 14 659.31 22 307.29
324 4 266.16 4 284.40 3 943.19 6 878.49
332 13 777.95 13 595.98 10 604.71 54 742.03
333 1 229.49 1 229.49 3 191.27 3 698.45
511 0.00 2 623.02 3 690.03 3 533.54
512 2 623.03 12 397.14 2 620.30 2 616.70
Overall MPE 9451.12 9413.86 9964.18 9822.28

Landscape Division Index (LDI) in the Tatra region in the 2000–2018 period for selected land cover forms.

LC form LDI
2000 2006 2012 2018
112 71.76 73.94 50.33 57.49
141 – 0.00 0.00 0.00
142 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.58
211 34.04 34.04 56.92 82.11
231 90.60 90.44 87.08 94.10
242 95.09 95.31 94.59 94.93
243 96.87 96.76 96.36 96.17
311 44.77 63.08 60.24 60.85
312 20.28 21.11 60.88 67.30
313 30.45 34.55 28.36 47.02
321 80.29 79.67 73.01 67.98
322 77.17 77.10 77.61 65.80
324 90.17 89.94 80.62 88.58
332 42.58 41.15 25.74 0.00
333 44.23 44.23 62.15 77.02
511 – 0.00 0.00 0.00
512 62.71 62.71 62.61 64.07

Mean Shape Index (MSI) in the Tatra region in the 2000–2018 period for selected land cover forms.

LC class MSI [m]
2000 2006 2012 2018
112 2.991 2.767 2.816 2.736
141 – 1.398 1.398 1.398
142 1.523 1.523 1.523 2.342
211 2.688 2.688 2.835 1.672
231 2.244 2.212 2.332 2.291
242 2.019 2.010 1.997 1.886
243 1.877 1.894 1.904 1.884
311 1.785 1.822 1.807 1.776
312 2.488 2.468 2.430 2.515
313 2.152 2.400 2.294 3.117
321 2.815 2.819 2.575 2.319
322 2.441 2.436 2.378 2.722
324 2.267 2.041 1.918 2.418
332 2.586 2.570 2.097 3.499
333 3.986 3.986 2.592 2.018
511 – – 2.696 2.840
512 1.209 1.209 1.210 1.227
Overall MSI 2.276 2.259 2.238 2.228

Landscape fragmentation indexes.

Index Name Formula Notes Level of operation* Source
NP Number of Patches – – Landscape level
MPE Mean Patch Edge MPE = (e1 + e2 + … + en) ÷ n e – edge of the patch (m) n – the number of patches in the selected LC class Class level McGarigal and Marks (1995), Zhang and Wang (2006)
MSI Mean Shape Index MSI = (e ÷ A) e – edge of the patch (m) A – total area of landscape Class level McGarigal and Marks (1995), Zhang and Wang (2006),
SDI Shannon’s Diversity Index SDI=(−∑i=1Rpilnpi)$$SDI = ( - \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^R {{p_i}\ln {p_i}} )$$ pi – proportion of individuals belonging to the ith LC class in the landscape Landscape level Urbański (2008), Sobala and Pukowiec-Kurda (2016)
SEI Shannon’s Evenness Index SEI = (SDI ÷ max(SDI)) SDI – actual value of Shannon’s Diversity Index max (SDI) – maximal possible SDI value Landscape level Urbański (2008)
DIVISION Landscape Division Index DIVISION=(1−∑i=1m∑j=1n(aij2A))$$DIVISION\; = (1 - \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^m \mathop \sum \limits_{j = 1}^n ({{{a_{ij2}}} \over A}))$$ i – LC class aij – area (m2) of the patch A – total area of landscape Class level Urbański (2008)

Values of index of landscape change for particular land cover forms according to the CORINE Land Cover classification in the Tatra region (ICh value—green colour when the share of a given LC form has increased and red colour when the share of a given LC has decreased).

CLC code Area [ha] ICh [%]
2000 2006 2012 2018 ICh00–06 ICh06–12 ICh12–18 ICh00–18
112 1735.21 1839.39 2399.88 2972.04 0.11 0.59 0.61 1.31
141 0.00 18.78 17.05 18.18 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02
142 23.10 22.95 21.24 129.36 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.11
211 2634.21 2687.80 16258.58 4626.12 0.06 14.39 12.33 2.11
231 14225.05 14317.34 4284.58 12295.75 0.10 10.64 8.49 2.05
242 2079.09 1904.76 982.94 910.70 0.18 0.98 0.08 1.24
243 3136.02 3035.51 2387.99 2341.27 0.11 0.69 0.05 0.84
311 97.59 458.98 113.98 121.66 0.38 0.37 0.01 0.03
312 14856.89 14811.78 13638.78 13243.95 0.05 1.24 0.42 1.71
313 679.73 388.05 451.19 582.83 0.31 0.07 0.14 0.10
321 2406.07 2403.38 2074.84 2697.85 0.00 0.35 0.66 0.31
322 2159.93 2151.63 2057.61 2033.98 0.01 0.10 0.03 0.13
324 410.64 429.77 456.00 2874.62 0.02 0.03 2.56 2.61
332 2348.89 2322.01 1646.70 1783.19 0.03 0.72 0.14 0.60
333 291.07 291.38 279.61 436.38 0.00 0.01 0.17 0.15
511 0.00 0.00 18.88 20.04 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02
512 76.53 76.50 70.15 72.06 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
Overall ICh 1.38 30.19 25.81 13.36
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