<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for immunity tests have been presented and the emission levels of electromagnetic disturbances in adjustable speed power drive systems have been determined. The disturbances are divided into two groups: low-frequency (up to 50 harmonics of the power supply system) and high-frequency (above 150 kHz). The lack of legal regulations on permissible disturbance level in the frequency range from 2.5 kHz to 150 kHz has also been mentioned. This range is considered high frequency by the authors. Standarized compatibility levels and sample measured parameters of the electromagnetic environment have also been shown. An exemplary reaction of the drive to the most common disturbances in the power supply system has been presented.</abstract>

EMC Requirements for Power Drive Systems

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The paper presents a high-speed induction motor drive as an alternative for household appliances. A short comparison was made between standard and high-speed motors. The solutions that use three-phase induction motors were taken into consideration with different types of rotors: solid or squirrel-cage. The assumed power of drive was up to 1 kW. As the power source, a single-phase voltage source has been adopted, which was indirectly converted to a three-phase output voltages with the fundamental frequency up to 667 Hz.</abstract>

Review of Solutions Used in High-Speed Induction Motor Drives Operating in Household Appliances

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>In the paper, the concept of universal speed and flux estimator with additional parameters estimators is presented. Proposed solution is based on the Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) type flux and speed estimator and can be used in different industrial systems (especially in the automotive applications). Induction Motor (IM) parameters are estimated using the systems based only on simple simulators and adaptive systems (voltage model and current model). Proposed system was tested in the sensorless induction motor drive with the Direct Field Oriented Control (DFOC) algorithm. Simulation and experimental results are presented in the paper.</abstract>

Universal Speed and Flux Estimator for Induction Motor

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Along with de-carbonisation, the penetration of power electronic converters has increased, and the power system has become a power electronic-based power system. In such a situation, the stability of the power system faces great challenges. In the event of a large disturbance, the power grid will lack the ability to maintain a stable voltage and frequency. In order to improve the stability of the power grid, the traditional grid-following (GFL) control is needed to be converted to the grid-forming (GFM) control. This paper analyses the control schemes of the GFL and GFM converters by investigating their state-space models, and the eigenvalue trajectories of both control schemes are shown to analyse the stability of the systems. Moreover, a case study is exemplified to compare the performance of the two control strategies while responding to frequency disturbances. Finally, a time-domain simulation model of a 15 kW grid-connected converter is built in Matlab/Simulink to benchmark the performance of the GFL and GFM converters under different working conditions. The result reveals that the GFL converter may encounter some instabilities when applied in power electronic-based systems, while the GFM converter is more suitable for the weak power grid.
</abstract>

A Comparative Study of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Control Schemes in Power Electronic-Based Power Systems

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>A mathematical model of a squirrel-cage induction motor with inter-turn short-circuits in stator phases is presented in this paper. In the proposed mathematical model an extent and angular localization of short-circuit faults are determined using a simple form of short-circuit coefficient matrices. The model does not require any additional motor parameters than those that are required for conventional model of healthy induction motor. Comparative results obtained through computer simulations and from a laboratory test-stand with 2.2 kW induction motor are contained in the article. The results obtained validate the proposed extended mathematical model of a squirrel-cage induction motor with inter-turn short-circuit of stator windings.</abstract>

Stator Winding Inter-Turn Short-Circuit Modelling of a Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The paper deals with improvement of efficiency of energy storage devices for electric vehicles. The benefits and features of the hybrid energy storage system based on the batteries and ultracapacitors are described. The possible topologies and common schematics of bi-directional DC/DC converters for energy storage are analyzed in terms of efficiency, reliability and battery maintenance. An algorithm for optimization of its parameters is developed, analyzed, shown and explained in detail. The surfaces, which show the dependence between required battery and ultracapacitors’ capacities, energy storage cost and battery discharge ratio are obtained and analyzed. Conclusions are drawn concerning optimization strategy and results of optimization with possible further improvements.</abstract>

OPTIMIZATION OF HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Cell balancing, a critical aspect of battery management in electric vehicles (EVs) and other applications, ensures a uniform state of charge (SOC) distribution among individual cells within a battery pack, enhancing performance and longevity while mitigating safety risks. This paper examines the effectiveness of capacitor-based active cell-balancing techniques using simulations under dynamic loading conditions. Utilising MATLAB and Simulink, various circuit topologies are evaluated, considering real-world cell parameters and open-circuit voltage (OCV) curve modelling. Results indicate that advanced configurations, such as double-tiered switched-capacitor balancing, offer improved balancing speed and efficiency compared to conventional methods. However, challenges such as transient events during charging and discharging phases underscore the need for further research. By leveraging simulations and experimental data, researchers can refine cell-balancing strategies, contributing to the development of safer, more efficient battery systems for EVs and beyond. This study underscores the importance of systematic analysis and optimisation in advancing cell-balancing technology for future energy-storage applications.
</abstract>

Capacitor-Based Active Cell Balancing for Electric Vehicle Battery Systems: Insights from Simulations

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Generally in under-graduate studies, magnetizing inrush current (MIC) is discussed theoretically without giving much practical exposure. This paper presents the development of a low cost experimental set-up using a digital controller to study the MIC and the different parameters which can affect the same. This also helps to show how the inrush current can be minimized. This set-up also provides a hands-on experience of MIC and its control in under-graduate study, which can help an upcoming practitioner in industry as well as in further research. This paper presents a brief description of MIC, followed by a short analysis. Here, a pair of anti-parallel thyristors are connected in series with the primary winding of a single-phase power transformer. The turningon instant of this switch, with respect to the zero-crossing instant of the input supply voltage, may be adjusted through a firmware, in a PIC18F4620 from Microchip Technology microcontroller development board from Microchip Technology to control the transformer energisation instant. The firmware is developed in MPLABX-IDE from Microchip Technology, and the scheme is verified via simulations in Proteus simulation software. A suitable circuit to support the microcontroller development board to achieve the above function is designed and fabricated.
</abstract>

An Experimental Set-up Involving Low-cost Digital Controller to Study the Magnetizing Inrush Current in a Transformer using Point-on-Wave Switching Technique

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
A quasi-Z-source network is used to boost the DC bus voltage of a voltage source two-level H-bridge inverter to increase the voltage gain. With the increase in the DC bus voltage, the common mode voltage (CMV) also increases. The CMV is reduced using virtual space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). Due to the presence of a quasi-Z-source network, the expression of the CMV changes significantly with respect to the conventional voltage source two-level H-bridge inverter fed from a pure DC supply. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the origin of the CMV for the quasi-Z-source two-level H-bridge inverter is presented. Additionally, it is shown how the CMV is affected for a DC input supply taken from a three-phase diode bridge rectifier. The work also details the scheme for suitable placement of shoot-through time intervals required for boosting within the non-active time intervals in virtual SVPWM. The simulation and experimental results show the scheme is effective in increasing the voltage gain and reducing the CMV arising at the third harmonic of the desired output frequency by at least 33.33%.
</abstract>

Quasi-Z-Source Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter with Virtual Space Vector Modulation to Increase the Voltage Gain and for the Reduction of Common Mode Voltage

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The popularity of electrified transportation is rising at a sharp pace due to environmental concerns over internal combustion (IC) engines. Researchers are nowadays looking for a brushless and permanent magnet (PM)-less solution for electric vehicle (EV) motors. Wound-field synchronous motor (WFSM) is a potential solution for EVs and is being used in Renault Zoe EV and BMW iX3 e-Drive models. A Brushless Induction excited Synchronous Motor (BINSYM) is a WFSM where the exciter, an induction machine (IM), is embedded inside the synchronous machine (SM) frame. Two machines (SM and IM) are configured for different numbers of poles to achieve magnetic decoupling, which facilitates independent control of both machines. The purpose of IM is to maintain the excitation requirement of SM. The IM is controlled in deep-plugging mode at a constant slip frequency over the entire speed range to minimise its reactive power demand. The maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) and root mean square (rms) current minimisation algorithms are used to control the SM. Simulation of the BINSYM-based system under dynamic conditions (MTPA with varying field current and load transient) has been carried out in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the control strategies. Experimental findings from the laboratory prototype machine closely match the simulation results.
</abstract>

Excitation Control of Brushless Induction Excited Synchronous Motor with Induction Machine Operating in Deep-Plugging Mode

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper presents an experimental implementation of a Neural Sliding Mode Linearization approach for the control of a double-fed induction generator connected to an infinite bus via transmission lines. The rotor windings are connected to the grid via a back-to-back converter, while the stator windings are directly coupled to the network. The chosen control scheme is applied to obtain the required stator power trajectories by controlling the rotor currents and to track the desired values of the DC-link output voltage and the grid power factor. This controller is based on a neural identifier trained online using an Extended Kalman Filter. Based on such identifier, an adequate model is obtained, which is used for synthesizing the required controllers. The proposed control scheme is experimentally verified on 1/4 HP DFIG prototype considering normal and abnormal grid conditions. In addition, maximum power extraction from a random wind profile is tested in the presence of different grid scenarios. Moreover, a comparison with conventional control schemes is performed. The obtained results illustrate the capability of the proposed control scheme to achieve active power, reactive power, and DC voltage desired trajectories tracking and to operate the wind power system even in the presence of parameter variation and grid disturbances, which helps to ensure the stability of the system and improve generated power quality.
</abstract>

Real-time Neural Sliding Mode Linearization Control for a Doubly Fed Induction Generator under Disturbances

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The DTSTACOM is a power quality compensator that can be used in the distribution grid to compensate the demand of reactive power, which can be produced by different linear and non-linear loads. In this process, the control method of DSTATCOM is one of the key factors influencing the performance of DSTATCOM. This study aims to analyse the effect of two modulation schemes, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Hysteresis Current Control (HCC), under several conditions. The proposed modelling approach and Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory are used to verify reactive power compensation and total harmonic distortion (THD). Further, PWM and Hysteresis Current Control (HCC) with proportional-integral (PI) controller simulated in MATLAB for different cases, and percentage THD was calculated to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method for the control of reactive power and THD with grid-connected DSTATCOM. The results presented here justify that the HCC controller can be better than the PWM method to generate the PWM pulses for reduction of harmonics under various conditions of DTSTACOM to compensate the reactive power. Additionally, the simulation was performed to check the efficacy of the projected method to reduce THD by varying the current control band of HCC.
</abstract>

A Simulation Analysis of Grid-Connected DSTATCOM with PWM Voltage Control and Hysteresis Current Control for Power Quality Improvement

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Smart grid (SG) is the solution to solve existing problems of energy security from generation to utilization. Examples of such problems are disruptions in the electric grid and disturbances in the transmission. SG is a premium source of Big Data. The data should be processed to reveal hidden patterns and secret correlations to extrapolate the needed values. Such useful information obtained by the so-called data analytics is an essential element for energy management and control decision towards improving energy security, efficiency, and decreasing costs of energy use. For that reason, different techniques have been developed to process Big Data. This paper presents an overview of these techniques and discusses their advantages and challenges. The contribution of this paper is building a recommender system using different techniques to overcome the most obstacles encountering the Big Data processes in SG. The proposed system achieves the goals of the future SG by (i) analyzing data and executing values as accurately as possible, (ii) helping in decision-making to improve the efficiency of the grid, (iii) reducing cost and time, (iv) managing operating parameters, (v) allowing predicting and preventing equipment failures, and (vi) increasing customer satisfaction. Big Data process enables benefits that were never achieved for the SG application.</abstract>

A Review on Big Data Management and Decision-Making in Smart Grid

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This paper presents an estimator-based speed sensorless field-oriented control (FOC) method for induction machines, where the state estimator is based on a self-contained, non-linear model. This model characterises both the electrical and the mechanical behaviours of the machine and describes them with seven state variables. The state variables are estimated from the measured stator currents and from the known stator voltages by using an estimator algorithm. An important aspect is that one of the state variables is the load torque and, hence, it is also estimated by the estimator. Using this feature, the applied estimator-based speed sensorless control algorithm may be operated adequately besides varying load torque. In this work, two different variants of the control algorithm are developed based on the extended and the unscented Kalman filters (EKF, UKF) as state estimators. The dynamic performance of these variants is tested and compared using experiments and simulations. Results show that the variants have comparable performance in general, but the UKF-based control provides better performance if a stochastically varying load disturbance is present.</abstract>

Dynamic Performance of Estimator-based Speed Sensorless Control of Induction Machines Using Extended and Unscented Kalman Filters

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>A sensorless indirect stator-flux-oriented control (ISFOC) induction motor drive at very low frequencies is presented herein. The model reference adaptive system (MRAS) scheme is used to estimate the speed and the rotor resistance simultaneously. However, the error between the reference and the adjustable models, which are developed in the stationary stator reference frame, is used to drive a suitable adaptation mechanism that generates the estimates of speed and the rotor resistance from the stator voltage and the machine current measurements. The stator flux components in the stationary reference frame are estimated through a pure integration of the back electro-motive force (EMF) of the machine. When the machine is operated at low speed, the pure integration of the back EMF introduces an error in flux estimation which affects the performance torque and speed control. To overcome this problem, pure integration is replaced with a programmable cascaded low-pass filter (PCLPF). The stability analysis method of the MRAS estimator is verified in order to show the robustness of the rotor resistance variations. Experimental results are presented to prove the effectiveness and validity of the proposed scheme of sensorless ISFOC induction motor drive.</abstract>

A Very-Low-Speed Sensorless Control Induction Motor Drive with Online Rotor Resistance Tuning by Using MRAS Scheme

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper studies innovative application of sliding mode control (SMC) for a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) in grid-connected and autonomous modes of operation. The considered HRES includes a photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT) based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The PV generator is coupled to the common DC bus via a DC/DC converter. The latter is controlled by an MPPT algorithm based on the Adaptive Perturbation and Observation Algorithm Method (APOAM) to search the optimum working of this source. A SMC is utilized to manage the PV voltage to achieve the Maximum Power Point (MPP) by altering the obligation duty cycle. The battery interfaced by a bidirectional buck-boost DC/DC converter can be charged or discharged depending on the production situation. On the one hand, the wind turbine conversion chain is equipped with a PMSG and a rectifier controlled to regulate the operating point of the wind turbine to its optimum value. During a Stand-Alone Mode (SAM) operation, the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) was used for controlling the output voltage in terms of amplitude and frequency delivered to the AC load. However, in Grid-Connected Mode (GCM) operation, the VSC was adapted to control the electrical parameters of the grid. To better appreciate the advantages of the proposed SMC approach, we have proposed a series of comparative tests with the conventional PI control in the operating modes GC and SA and under different scenarios. The proposed control strategy has undeniable advantages in terms of control performance and very low total harmonic distortion THD value compared with the conventional PI control. Finally, It is concluded that the proposed approach improves the quality and provides a stable operation of the HRES.
</abstract>

Sliding Mode Control of Hybrid Renewable Energy System Operating in Grid Connected and Stand-Alone Mode

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This paper presents the direct field-oriented control (DFOC) method of six-phase induction motor with the application of super-twisting sliding mode algorithm. The mathematical model of the six-phase induction motor has been described. The descriptions of the space vector modulation (SVM) method and the super-twisting algorithm have been presented. The DFOC method with super-twisting sliding mode controllers has been described. The experimental studies of the DFOC method with super-twisting controllers have been performed, and the results of these studies are presented and discussed.</abstract>

Application of Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Controllers in Direct Field-Oriented Control System of Six-Phase Induction Motor: Experimental Studies

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In this article, model reference adaptive system (MRAS)-based estimator of a rotor resistance of an induction motor (IM) is presented. In contrast to the solutions known from the literature, the reference model of this estimator uses the measured values of the phase current and the adaptive part is a virtual current sensor. The article presents an accurate description of the algorithm taking into account the discrete equations for possible practical implementation in the microprocessor system. In the first step, the impact of motor parameters to stator current estimation quality in the adaptive model was checked. Subsequently, simulation tests of the proposed rotor resistance estimator were carried out for the field-oriented control of the induction motor drive system with a model of an induction motor with fixed parameters and an induction motor with a changing main inductance according to a magnetisation curve. The analysis of the estimator’s work showed its high efficiency and insensitivity to changes in the IM main inductance.
</abstract>

Power Electronics and Drives