Sex | |
Male | 240 (92.7) |
Female | 19 (7.3) |
Ethnicity | |
Chinese | 124 (47.9) |
Malay | 86 (33.2) |
Indian | 47 (18.1) |
Others | 2 (0.8) |
Living status | |
Family | 230 (88.8) |
Living alone | 23 (8.9) |
Nursing home | 6 (2.3) |
Material status | |
Married | 222 (85.7) |
Single | 28 (10.8) |
Divorced | 8 (3.1) |
Widowed | 1 (0.4) |
Smoking status | |
Active smoker | 123 (47.5) |
Former smoker | 136 (52.5) |
Smoking history (pack/years) [Median (interquartile range)] | 20 (10–35) |
Alcohol status | |
Alcoholic | 29 (11.2) |
Previous COPD hospitalization | 40 (15.4) |
Previous non-COPD hospitalization | 58 (22.4) |
Long-term oxygen therapy at home | 9 (3.5) |
Oral corticosteroid before admission | 10 (3.9) |